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Table of Content

28 March 2024, Volume 44 Issue 3
Review and Commentary
Evaluation of the efficacy of laser-assisted non-surgical treatment of periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus
XIAO Shimeng, LIU Yi, LI Maoxue, DING Yi
2024, 44(3):  161-167.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.001
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Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus are chronic inflammatory destructive diseases with common risk factors, and there is a clear mutual relationship between them. There is a certain risk of infection in the periodontal treatment of periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Laser-assisted non-surgical periodontal treatment can reduce bacterial accumulation and local inflammation, which is beneficial to the resolution of inflammation and tissue repair in periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and may also assist in the control of blood glucose. This article summarizes and evaluates the current clinical studies at home and abroad on laser-assisted therapy for periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, in order to analyze its additional benefits and explore its potential mechanisms, so as to provide a basis for laser-assisted clinical treatment.

Basic and Clinical Research
Clinicopathological analysis of oral granular cell tumor
LIU Mei, ZHANG Lei, PU Yumei, HUANG Xiaofeng, XU Wantian, SUN Guowen
2024, 44(3):  168-172.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.002
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Objective To explore the clinical manifestations, histopathological features and treatment of oral granular cell tumor, in order to provide reference for its diagnosis and treatment. Methods The histopathological features of granular cell tumor diagnosed in our hospital were classified into benign, atypical and malignant according to the six criteria proposed by Fanburg-Smith, and the clinical manifestations, histopathological features and treatment methods of all cases were retrospectively analyzed. Results There were 14 cases in this group, with a predilection age of 40-60 years old (8 cases, 57.14%); the ratio of male to female was 1∶1, 12 cases (85.71%) in the tongue, 1 case in the cheek and 1 case in the sublingual gland. The main manifestations were painless slow growing nodules or masses. Nine cases (64.29%) had no obvious clinical symptoms; 4 cases (28.57%) had pain and numbness of the tongue, and 1 case had fixation of the tongue, resulting in difficulty in swallowing and speech. Pathological findings showed that the tumors were composed of abundant eosinophils with a large number of homogeneous granules in the cytoplasm. There were 8 cases of benign (57.14%), 2 cases of atypical (14.29%), and 4 cases of malignant (28.57%). All cases received surgical treatment. One malignant patient was lost to follow-up after 2 years, and the prognosis of other cases was good. Conclusion Oral granular cell tumors are mainly benign tumors of the tongue, and their treatment key points vary according to its histopathological types. Surgical resection is the main treatment plan, and the overall prognosis is good.

Preliminary study on selective neck dissection via lateral cervical stria approach
WAN Jinbo, QIAN Yiyan, WANG Yuli, XIAO Na, BIAN Yifeng, DU Yifei
2024, 44(3):  173-176.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.003
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Objective To investigate the application of lateral cervical stria approach in selective neck dissection(SND) for patients with early oral malignant tumors.Methods A total of 22 patients underwent SND during December 2020 to March 2022 was retrospectively reviewed and divided into lateral cervical stria and conventional submandibular approach groups. The clinical characteristics, shoulder function and neck aesthetic scoring were compared between two groups. Results There was no statistical difference in operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative drainage volume, number and stage of lymph nodes as well as shoulder function scoring between two groups. The appearance score of lateral cervical stria approach was significantly higher than that of patients with submandibular approach 6-month after operation(P<0.05). Conclusion SND via lateral cervical stria approach for patients with early oral malignancies is safe and effective, achieving a better aesthetic outcome.

Trends in oral cancer deaths attributable to alcohol consumption in China from 1990 to 2019 and an age-period-cohort model analysis
ZHANG Liangliang, GU Jianchang, LIU Yun, WANG Xiaolan, LIU Yunxia
2024, 44(3):  177-183.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.004
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Objective To study the trends of oral cancer deaths attributed to alcohol consumption in China from 1990 to 2019. Methods The global burden of disease in China and the world in 2019 was described by the number of deaths, mortality rate and standardized mortality rate. The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the death trend of oral cancer, and the age-period-cohort(APC) model was established. The independent effects of age, period and birth cohort on death were quantitatively assessed. Results In 2019, the number of deaths from oral cancer in China was 9 296, an increase of 309.70% compared to 1990, higher than the global average. The standardized mortality rate is on the rise for the entire population and males, while females remain unchanged. The mortality rate is increasing at an average annual rate of 4.23%, reaching 0.65/100 000 in 2019, an increase of 242.11% compared to 1990. In 1990, the highest death rate was concentrated in 55-69 years old, and after 2019, it increased to 60-74 years old. The overall net offset from 1990 to 2019 was 2.38%. The mortality rate increased with age, reaching a peak value of 8.36/100 000 at the age of 85-89. The relative risk(RR)of the 2010—2014 period group was the maximum, 1.64. The RR value of the birth cohort effect showed an increasing trend, and the RR value of the birth cohort from 2000 to 2004 reached a maximum of 2.95. Conclusion The death burden of oral cancer attributable to alcohol consumption is increasing year by year in China. Elderly people over 60 years old, especially men, are high-risk subjects. Attention should be paid to the drinking habits and oral health of young people.

Immune-related genes shared between Crohn's disease and periodontitis and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers
ZHANG Zhihao, YANG Yi, WANG Yueqiu, SUN Siyi, CHEN Hong, SHU Fei, LIU Mei
2024, 44(3):  184-191.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.005
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Objective To investigate shared immune-related genes between periodontitis and Crohn's disease (CD), explore their common pathophysiology, and assess the value of relevant genes as diagnostic biomarkers. Methods Gene expression data for CD and periodontitis were obtained from the GEO database. After data preprocessing, differential expression analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment and disease ontology analysis were conducted on the common DEGs, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to the CD and periodontitis databases to determine key modules most relevant to the diseases. Perturbation genes were further selected. Immunocyte profiles in CD and periodontitis were assessed using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). A diagnostic model for CD and periodontitis, based on genes most associated with immunity, was constructed and validated using an independent dataset. Results A total of 143 common differentially expressed genes were identified. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted the significant role of immunity in both CD and periodontitis. WGCNA analysis identified 11 perturbation genes, and subsequent immune infiltration analysis revealed four genes (Genes HLA-DMA, CD38, PIM2 and TGM2) closely associated with CD, periodontitis and immune response. The diagnostic model built using these four genes demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance in both the training and external validation datasets. Conclusion Genes HLA-DMA, CD38, PIM2 and TGM2 are involved in the development of CD and periodontitis, playing crucial roles in immune responses. The diagnostic model constructed with these four genes exhibits strong diagnostic efficacy for both diseases.

Comparative study on the bonding properties of five kinds of fluid resins to enamel
GUO Xinxin, MIAO Zhenyun, JING Xue, MA Siyu, LI Tao
2024, 44(3):  192-199.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.006
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Objective To provide reference for clinical selection of fluid resins by comparing the bonding properties of Beautifil Flow Plus F00, FiltekTM Z350 XT, SDR, Tetric® N-Flows and Constic with tooth enamel. Methods Fifty adult extrinsic premolars were selected for orthodontic extraction and randomly divided into five groups(n=10), namely F00 group, Z350 group, SDR group, Tetric group and Constic group, and each group was a parallel control group. One third of the cheek of each isolated tooth was removed by grinding the enamel with the thickness of 0.5 mm, and a circular shape with a diameter of 3 mm was used as the bonding surface. Ten cylindrical resin specimens with a diameter and length of 3 mm were prepared for bonding with the prepared tooth enamel surface, and self-coagulation resin was embedded. After 3 000 times of alternating cold and hot cycles and 24 h of constant temperature water bath at 37 ℃, the shear strength test was carried out; the data were recorded, and the cut bonding interface was observed under scanning electron microscope. Results The shear strength of group F00 was (18.39±2.93)MPa, and that of group Z350 was(11.03±1.55)MPa. The shear strength of, SDR group was (12.77±1.55)MPa;Tetric group was (15.25±1.88)MPa and Constic group was(12.79±2.78)MPa. ANOVA test and SNK test were performed on the obtained data. The shear strength of F00 group was significantly higher than that of Z350 group, SDR group, Tetric group and Constic group(P<0.05). The shear strength of Tetric group was significantly higher than that of Z350 group, SDR group and Constic group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in shear strength among Z350 group, SDR group and Constic group(P>0.05). Conclusion Among the five fluid resins, Beautifil Flow Plus F00 fluid resin has the highest bonding performance, followed by Tetric® N-Flow fluid resin, and FiltekTM Z350 XT, SDR and Constic fluid resin have low bonding performance.

Case Analysis
Dialysis-related amyloidosis of tongue: A case report
CUI Yuan, LIU Xiaoyan, WEI Jiao, LIU Yang, LIU Qing
2024, 44(3):  200-202.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.007
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Dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA) is a serious complication of long-term hemodialysis patients. DRA in oral mucosa is extremely rare to see. In this case, we reported a patient with tongue amyloidosis which was found after 7 years of dialysis, and described the diagnosis and treatment of oral DRA.

Review
Influence factors on colorimetry of aesthetic porcelain laminate veneer prosthesis for anterior teeth
WANG Yinlin, ZHANG Xinyue, LI Mingxing, FU Baiping
2024, 44(3):  203-208.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.008
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Porcelain laminate veneers has become a mainstream anterior aesthetic restoration technology due to its non-invasive or minimally invasive methods, aesthetic appearance, and good biocompatibility. However, the colorimetry of the prosthesis is one of the decisive factors affecting the aesthetic effect of porcelain laminate veneers. A comprehensive consideration of colorimetry can make porcelain laminate veneers blend seamlessly with surrounding natural teeth, achieving a natural, aesthetical and functionally coordinated result. This review aims to explore the factors influencing the colorimetry of porcelain laminate veneers, providing more detailed and practical insights for clinical practice.

New developments in the clinical presentation and diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis
TIAN Xin, WU Sihua, DAN Hongxia, ZENG Xin, WANG Jiongke, CHEN Qianming
2024, 44(3):  209-213.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.009
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Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a systemic vasculitis disease, which can involve multiple organs of the whole body such as mouth, eyes, nose, lung and kidney. It has low incidence but a high mortality rate, hidden onset, and early symptoms are easily confused with other diseases. It is mainly characterized by the formation of granuloma, focal necrosis and vascular inflammation. The combination of glucocorticoid and immunosuppressant is usually used in clinical treatment. The diagnostic criteria of granulomatosis with polyangiitis has been reformulated with the development of modern technology and increased recognition of its clinical manifestations. Therefore, this paper mainly updated the clinical manifestations, classification diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis of granulomatous polyvasculitis from the perspective of oral cavity, in order to provide reference for clinical work.

Progress of single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics in stomatology
ZHANG Xiatong, WU Wenzhi, CHEN Zhuo
2024, 44(3):  214-221.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.010
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The application of single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptome technology in life science field has been a hot research topic in recent years. By combining single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptome technology, it can reveal information on specific spatial location of cells at single-cell level to further investigate the mechanism of disease development and disease prevention and treatment. In the field of dentistry, it has been applied to the study on oral tissue stem cells, oral histogenesis and development, oral microbiology and various oral diseases. This paper describes the progress of single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptome technology in stomatology and looks into the prospect of their combined application, in order to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases.

Research progress of factors influencing the accuracy of digital impressions for implant restoration
WANG Han, HU Jian
2024, 44(3):  221-226.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.011
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Digital impressions are accepted by clinicians and patients because of their many advantages such as convenience, speed, and improved patient comfort. In recent years, it has been continuously applied in various fields of prosthodontics. For inlays, single crowns and fixed bridges, digital impressions have shown good accuracy and clinical results, but the accuracy is still not ideal for long span implant restorations and complete denture restorations. In this paper, factors affecting digital impressions will be reviewed.

Application progress of digital indirect bonding technology in orthodontic bracket positioning
JIN Min, CHEN Yumao, HAN Minxuan, LU Shijun
2024, 44(3):  227-231.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.012
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The placement of brackets directly influences positions of the teeth and the outcome at the end of orthodontic treatment. The precise placement of brackets is crucial, particularly in these days when the straight wire technique is prevalent. Due to numerous restrictions, including materials, traditional indirect bonding doesn’t have obvious advantages in terms of bonding precision and fabrication procedure over direct bonding, and thus is only occasionally used in clinical practice. With the development of digital technology, the indirect bonding transfer trays produced by 3D printing technology have been optimized and improved. In order to provide references for clinical application, this article reviews the digitally positioned indirect bonding transfer technology.

Research progress of LncRNA-mediated miRNA regulating osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs in microenvironment
PAN Le, DUAN Qinyan, CHENG Junxiang, HONG Feng, HU Yajun
2024, 44(3):  232-236.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.013
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The study on periodontal tissue regeneration can provide a possible clinical coping strategy for alveolar bone defect. As an important seed cell, periodontal stem cells play an important role in alveolar bone repair. Long non-coding RNA, as competing endogenous RNA, can play an important regulatory role in post-transcriptional levels. This paper reviews the mechanism of lncRNA-mediated miRNA on osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs under physiological state, inflammatory microenvironment and mechanical stimulation.

The role of reactive oxygen species and mitophagy in periodontitis
ZHANG Jiaming, DUAN Yan, WU Yunxia
2024, 44(3):  237-240.  doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2024.03.014
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The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense system is one of the important causes of periodontitis. Mitophagy is the mechanism in which the body scavenges damaged mitochondria to maintain its quantity and quality. Elevated levels of ROS will lead to mitophagy, which can promote cell death or prevent its apoptosis, and eliminate ROS at the same time. This article reviews the role of ROS and mitophagy in periodontitis and the relationship between them.