Dental treatment for children under general anesthesia has been developed for more than 60 years in many countries. The technology has become more and more mature, and the effect has been widely affirmed. In China, this technology has been adopted by some hospitals since the end of 1990s, and it has developed rapidly in recent years. Many hospitals have started or prepared to treat children patients under general anesthesia. Patients have to queue up for several months or even longer to get treated in the majority of those hospitals. This article introduced the domestic and international situations of pediatric dental treatment under general anesthesia, its indication, contraindication, risk prevention, criteria establishment and future prospect.

Objective To evaluate the effect of HF etching at room temperature on instant bond strength of YTZP to resin. Methods 48 YTZP plates were prepared and assigned into 6 groups according to different surface treatments, including alumina sandblasting, 90 min 40%HF etching, 15 min ultrasonic 40% HF etching, followed by application of any one of two universal adhesives. Bonded specimens were prepared and received shear bond strength testing after 24 h water storage. The surface roughness and microcosmic morphology of the YTZP surfaces receiving any one of the three different roughened methods were evaluated by an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively. Results HF etching created larger surface roughness and higher shear bond strength than alumina sandblasting. Conclusion Etching with 40% HF at room temperature can be an alternative to alumina sandblasting for resin bonding improvement of YTZP.

Objective To investigate the role of microRNA27b (miR27b) in regulating the cell proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma and the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. The expression of miR27b, the mRNA expression levels of Frizzled7 (FZD7), cyclin D1 and cmyc were detected by realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The protein expression of FZD7 was detected by Western blot analysis. The targeted relationship between miR27b and FZD7, and the activity of Wnt signaling pathway were examined by luciferase reporter assay. Results The expression of miR27b in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines was significantly decreased. Overexpression of miR27b markedly inhibited the cell proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. miR27b could target and inhibit FZD7 expression and suppress Wnt signaling pathway. Conclusions miR27b could inhibit the cell proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma through targeting and inhibiting FZD7 and FZD7mediated Wnt signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the influence of zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) on shear bond strength of three kinds of permanent cement when bonded to dentin. Methods The 60 premolars were made into test pieces and embedded with resin. One side was exposed as a test surface, with its enamel removed and superficial dentin polished with sandpaper. Specimens were divided into glass ionomer group (group 1), a resinmodified glass ionomer group (group 2), and a resin binder group (group 3). Each group was further divided into a control group (group A), and ZOE group (group B), each group containing 10 samples. Specimens with resin blocks (φ4 mm) were tested in the universal testing machine. And surface morphology was observed with a scanning microscope. Results Group 3 was influenced by zinc oxide eugenol （(3.22 ± 1.47) MPa vs. (1.22 ± 0.35) MPa, P=0.001）, while group1 and 2 were not. Conclusion Pretreatment of the dentin with ZOE temporary cement has an adverse effect on the resin cement but not on the glass ionomer and resinmodified glass ionomer.

Objective To evaluate the effect of different convergence angles on the fitness of using selective laser melting(SLM) to fabricate the CoCr inner crown, and to compare it with Lostwax(LW) technique. Methods 60 resin base teeth were prepared by CAD/CAM, comprising 3 types of occlusal convergence (6°,8°,12°) and 20 for each; then each type of the specimens was further divided into SLM and LW group (selective laser melting or Lostwax) to fabricate the CoCr inner crown; there are altogether 6 groups with 10 specimens for each group. Each specimen received the treatment of being cleaned, cemented, and cut.The cement thickness of the inner and outer chamfer edge was then measured by scanning electronic microscopy. Analysis of Variance was performed to determine the differences using SPSS 17.0 software package． Results With the convergence angles from 6°,8° to 12°, the cement thicknesses of inner and outer chamfer edge of SLM groups (the outer edge:（59.20±16.14）μm， （46.62± 8.26）μm， （62.66±14.11）μm respectively; inner edge:（59.74±21.44）μm， （47.69±13.53）μm， （73.38±23.03）μm) were smaller than those of the LW groups (outer edge: (63.52±13.97) μm， (61.06±16.12) μm， (65.57±13.85) μm; inner edge: (67.48±23.06) μm， (62.94±18.19) μm， (77.84±17.52) μm); and the difference was statistically significant（P＜0.05）; whatever the crown making method was, the mean cement thickness of inner and outer chamfer edge was as follows: 12°＞6°＞8°group, and the difference was statistically significant（P＜0.05）. Conclusions As the convergence angles are within 12°, the marginal fitness of two different CoCr inner crown making methods are clinically acceptable. The selective laser melting inner crowns result in smaller marginal gaps than Lostwax inner crowns, which shows that the marginal fitness of the selective laser melting inner crowns is better than that of the Lostwax inner crowns.

Objective To evaluate the application of computer aided design & computer aided manufacturing ( CAD/CAM）surgical template to measure the operation error in multianodontia patients. Methods A total of 20 multianodontia patients were selected and their CT DICOM data were analyzed by the EFeature Tooth Implant Client was used to design the locus and determine the implant surgery plan. Guide plate and implant were put intraorally, then immediate repair base in a corresponding size was selected, and immediate restoration was put in the patients mouth 48h after the surgery. At the same time, patients took CT for the measurement of the depth of the implants in the jaw, the angle of mesiodistally direction and faciolingual inclination of implants to see the operation error and observe the survival rate of the implants in the 3rd month, 6th month and one year. Results A total of 139 implants of 20 patients had accurate locations and only 2 implants fell off during followup. The gingival tissues of other 137 implants were in healthy condition with no periimplantitis occurring. Conclusion Computer aided design & computer aided manufacturing surgical template and immediate loading can improve the accuracy of implants locations and give dentists guidance. However, their long term effects need to be confirmed by further followup.

Objective To measure and classify the anatomical relationship between the root apex of the maxillary molars and maxillary sinus floor with Conebeam Computed Tomography, and to provide anatomical reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as the assessment of operational risks. Methods CBCT images of 120 lateral maxillary molars in 60 healthy patients were selected from the database of the department of radiology of Suqian stomatological hospital. The distance between the maxillary sinus floor and root apex of the maxillary molars was measured with the 3dimensional computed tomography images using CBCT. The relationship between the maxillary sinus and the root apex of the maxillary molars was classified into 4 types by Shahbazian M method. Results The distance of buccaldistal root apex of first maxillary molar was the shortest. Among four types, the most common type was type Ⅰ(41.67%), type Ⅳ (19.85%) was most likely to cause maxillary sinusitis, and type Ⅳ (29.17%) occurred most in the buccaldistal apex of first molar. Conclusion The relationship between the maxillary sinus floor and root apex of the maxillary molars is individually different. Therefore, to improve the success rate of treatment and reduce the medical problem, the therapeutic schedules should be designed individually.

Objective To observe the effects of transmission straight wire technique on treating adolescents with Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion by cephalometric analysis. Methods 40 (24 females,16 males) subjects treated with transmission straight wire appliance were selected, whose mean age was 13.2 years old. By analyzing the cephalograms of all subjects, soft and hard tissues before and after treatment were compared. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 19.0. Results After a mean treatment time of 12 months, the molar relationship and facial profile were obviously improved. According to cephalograms, U1SN, ANB, U1RL, U6RL were decreased, but L1MP, L1RL, L6RL were increased. There was no significant change in other items. Conclusion The transmission straight wire appliance has a good effect on patients with class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion, and it can also take advantage of intraoral anchorage and lightwire to move teeth quickly and obtain correct torque efficiently.

Objective This study was aimed to observe the effects of the application of free perforatorbased chimeric anterolateral thigh flap on patients with composite soft tissue defects after en bloc resection of cancer. Methods Thirtynine patients with composite soft tissue defects after en bloc resection of cancer underwent simultaneous reconstruction with free perforatorbased chimeric anterolateral thigh flap from January, 2011 to July, 2014 were observed. These perforatorbased chimeric anterolateral thigh flaps were designed and harvested based on the marks on skin through preoperative Doppler probing and intraoperative exploration. The appearance and function of both the oral and maxillofacial region and the donor site were observed. Results All the 39 flaps survived. Vascular crisis occurred in three of them 24 h after surgery, but they gradually recovered with treatment. One to four years followup showed satisfying morphology and function of both the acceptingsites and the donor sites. Six patients died of recurrence within 3 years after surgery. Conclusion Good effects can be reached using perforatorbased chimeric anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of the composite soft tissue defects after en bloc resection of cancer in oral and maxillofacial region, which is worthy of application in clinical practice.

Objective To investigate whether rootfilled teeth would suffer external apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment compared with vital pulp teeth by CBCT (cone beam computed tomography). Methods 16 adult patients with slightlymoderately crowded teeth were selected. At least one of each patients maxillary anterior teeth had been treated with root canal treatment. 0.5588 mm MBT bracket (3M Unitek) was applied to the nonextraction treatment. The CBCT images were collected, and the lengths of the treated tooth and the contralateral tooth were measured using axialguided navigation before and after treatment. The statistical difference was compared using the paired ttest. Results A total of 18 maxillary anterior teeth, including 6 central incisors, 8 lateral incisors, and 4 canines, had received root canal treatment among 16 patients. The average treatment duration was (18.3 ± 2.6) months. Before treatment, the length of posterior rootfilled teeth was (22.68±2.14) mm, and the length was (21.98±2.05) mm after treatment. The length of the contralateral vital pulp tooth was (22.61±2.01) mm before treatment, and after treatment, the length was (22.01±2.37) mm. There was no statistical difference in root length between filled and vital roots in either preorthodontic or postorthodontic treatment. Similar results were also observed on the stratified analysis by the type of teeth. Conclusion CBCT is a good way to observe apical root resorption. In nonextraction cases with lightlymoderately crowded teeth, orthodontic treatment will not increase the risk of apical root resorption of the rootfilled upper anterior teeth.

:Objective To observe effects of zirconia inlay crown in the restoration of mandibular molars with extensively closed occlusogingival distance. Methods 21 residual crowns of molars which were hard to restore using common crowns because of their closed occlusogingival distance less than 2mm were treated after root canal therapy with zirconia inlay crowns. Results After a 23 year period, the inlay crowns were all maintained well, with good marginal sealing, acceptable gingival index and no porcelain collapse. The restoration of the teeth shape and its function recovery were both satisfactory. Conclusion For the restoration of mandibular molars with extensively closed occlusogingival distance, the zirconia inlay crown is an easy and simple technique to apply, with satisfactory clinical restoration effects. 

Objective To retrospectively study a 5year clinical application of ITI implants. Methods 379 ITI implants were implanted in 216 patients. In a 6month followup, the repair conditions were observed by Xray and clinical examinations, evaluated by the Wheeler survival standard, and statistically analyzed by the life table method. Results Among the 11 failed implants，2 failed during the healing period and were considered as early failures. The survival rate was 96.98%. Conclusion After 5 years, the survival rate of the implant is higher when using ITI dental implant repair for the patients with dentition defects.

Objective To explore the concentration and roles of serum alkaline phosphatases （ALP） in patients with skeleton class II malocclusion. Methods 45 adult patients with skeleton class II malocclusion and 47 ageand sexmatched healthy controls were selected in this study， and the concentrations of serum ALP were collected. The difference between experimental and control groups was assessed by independent Students ttest with SPSS 18.0 software. Results The serum ALP level in patients and that in healthy controls were （41.62±1.97）U/L and （65.83±2.70）U/L， respectively. The serum ALP level in male patients and that in healthy controls were （52.07±4.63）U/L and （68.25±2.65）U/L， whereas that in female patients and that in healthy controls were （36.40±0.92）U/L and （64.04±4.28）U/L， respectively. The serum ALP level in patients＜25 years old and that in healthy controls were （42.15±3.28）U/L and （65.43±4.64）U/L， among which， male patients vs. healthy controls was （52.75±18.55）U/L vs. （69.67±10.67）U/L， and female patients vs. healthy controls was （34.40±3.92）U/L vs. （62.10±18.50）U/L. Further， the serum ALP level in patients＞25 years old vs. that in healthy controls was （41.20±2.45）U/L vs. （66.00±3.35）U/L， and （51.29±18.68）U/L vs. （66.88±11.76）U/L for males， while （37.28±5.56）U/L vs （65.18±24.68）U/L for females. The significant statistical difference was observed （P＜0.05）. Conclusion The serum ALP level in adult patients with skeleton class II malocclusion is lower than that in healthy controls， suggesting weaker bone metabolism in the patients， which may be resulted from mandibular hypodevelopment.

Objective To investigate the oral health status in hospitalized patients with rheumatoid autoimmune disease through epidemiological investigation methods, so as to provide basis for the prevention and treatment of their oral diseases. Methods 309 patients who were patients with rheumatoid autoimmune disease of the Shengjing Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University received oral specialist examinations and then filled in questionnaires. The data were statistically analyzed with SPSS software. Results Rheumatoid autoimmune patients with healthy oral conditions were less than 4%. Periodontitis prevalence was as high as 91.9%, and the rate of dental caries occurrence was 67.2%. Oral hygiene status was significantly affected by many factors such as gender, age, education, smoking habits and so on. In addition, osteoarthritis, dermatomyositis and rheumatoid arthritis patients were more likely to suffer from periodontitis. And patients with Sjgrens syndrome showed the highest dental caries prevalence of all the investigated rheumatoid autoimmune disease patients. Conclusion Oral health is related to rheumatoid autoimmune diseases. Reasons for the bad oral conditions of patients with rheumatoid autoimmune disease should be analyzed from various perspectives, and active prevention measures should be taken.

Ameloblastic fibroodontoma (AFO) is a rare odontogenic tumor. It often occurrs at the age under twenty, male more than in female. It is mostly located in the maxilla and mandible, and more common in the mandible. It grows slowly with no symptoms. There is asymptomatic swelling in the maxillofacial region and it delays tooth eruption in the case with AFO. Xray examination always shows a cystic cavity in the jaw, with clear boundary. It is not easy to be differentiated from odontogenic tumors, such as ameloblastoma and keratocystic odontogenic tumor. Pathological examination shows that neoplasm was composed of proliferating odontogenic epithelium in a cellular ectomesenchymal tissue, similar to ameloblastic fibroma in form. Hard tissue component is similar to odontoma, dental structures resembling dentine and enamellike tissues. It has a low probability of malignancy. The most common treatment is surgical removal with low potential for recurrence. In this paper, one case with ameloblastic fibroodontoma was reported and the clinical features and treatment of ameloblastic fibroodontoma were investigated.

Periodontal biotype is very important for oral therapy, especially in anterior dental aesthetic area. It is related with periodontology, implantology, prosthodontics, orthodontics and so on, and has attracted attentions from more and more researchers and clinicians. This paper reviewed the classifications, characteristics, measurement methods and effects of periodontal biotype on oral therapy in anterior dental aesthetic area.

With the improvement of life quality, oral diseases have increasingly attracted peoples attention. In the past few years, there have been more and more researches related to chronic oral diseases. Chronic disease management can be divided into biomedical management, cognitive behavior intervention and psychological intervention. As a scientific management model, chronic disease management has been widely used in hypertensive disease, diabetes, kidney disease and other chronic diseases. So far, cognitive behavior intervention and psychological intervention have been used in periodontitis, dental caries, and oral lichen planus, which have improved the oral health and life quality of patients. This paper reviewed the application of chronic disease management in oral common diseases in recent years.

Polyurethane is a kind of promising organic polymer material with excellent properties which has been widely used in a number of areas. Polyurethane can be used as adhesive, resin for filling, root canal filling material, implant, orthodontic appliance, tissue engineering and so on in the field of dentistry. This article reviewed the application of polyurethane as teeth restorative materials.

Children with cleft palate are often accompanied with otitis media with effusion and other middle ear diseases, which make indirect influence on hearing and speech development of children. The diagnosis and treatment of the diseases is an important part of the treatment of cleft lip and palate. In this article, we reviewed the relative articles in recent years in terms of its clinical epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, treatment etc， and made a brief summary.

There are bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and diabetes mellitus, but the pathogenic mechanism of each other is not clear. Oxidative stress (OS) can be activated by long term hyperglycemia of diabetics via multiple processes leading to much reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in periodontal tissues. The ROS can alter signal transduction pathway, resulting in abnormality of inflammatory factors gene and protein expression, and enhance host inflammatory response, leading to the damage of periodontal tissues. The study reviewed the effects of OS induced diabetesrelated periodontitis, and mechanism of OS and therapeutic prospect of antioxidant of diabetesrelated periodontitis, so as to provide evidence for the treatment and research of concerning diabetesrelated periodontitis.

As an effective component of rhizoma drynariae, Naringin (NG) has been widely used in curing severe bone defect and osteoporosis in clinic. Advanced techniques such as microwave and ultrasound have made it efficient and convenient to extract the effective component of Naringin. Researchers have done a lot of experiments in vitro and in vivo to research the mechanism of Naringin. In vitro experiments have revealed that NG can promote the expression of various cytokines and proteins in bone marrow stromal stem cells, such as alkaline phosphatase, osteoprotegerin, and osteopontin. Furthermore, it has been found that NG can increase the bone density of model animals and promote the circulation of blood so as to accelerate fracture healing, which is dose dependent. Moreover, NG can promote osteogenic differentiation and proliferation synergy with MAPK, BMP2 and other pathways. In addition, NG can be combined with some inorganic biocompatible materials to form a composite material or biological membrane, which, as a novel bone repairing material, has certain clinical application prospect.

In premolar extraction orthodontic cases, four incisors or six anterior teeth are usually retracted en masse. The torque and vertical control of maxillary anterior teeth is the key to success. The center of resistance (CR) is an important biomechanical factor that determines the mode of orthodontic tooth movement. If a force is applied with a line of action passing through the CR of maxillary anterior teeth, the anterior teeth will undergo bodily movement. Otherwise, inclination movement will occur. This review discussed the factors affecting the position of CR of maxillary anterior teeth and the clinical related implications.

The LIM mineralization protein1 (LMP1) is a kind of intracellular signal transduction molecule which plays an important role in facilitating bone formation during the process of osteoblast differentiation according to both in vivo and in vitro studies. So far, it has been believed that LMP1 functions by stimulating the synthesis and secretion of certain factors like bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) which can induce bone formation, thus improving the osteogenic activity of BMP and other osteogenic factors. This article reviewed the role of LMP1 and the research progress concerning the mineralization of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC).