Objective To investigate the effect of peptidyl arginine deiminase 4(PAD4) on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from oral bones(OMSC) and craniomaxillofacial development. Methods Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of PAD4 in the mandibular of mice E13.5 embryo. A peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 knockout(PAD4-KO) mouse model was constructed. Craniomaxillofacial development was investigated by micro-CT. CCK-8 assay and Transwell assay were used to detect the OMSC proliferation ability and migration ability of PAD4-KO and wild type (WT) mouse. ALP staining was used to detect the changes in OMSC osteogenic differentiation ability. The expression of osteogenesis-related genes was detected by immunofluorescence and PCR assay. Results PAD4 was highly expressed in the mandibular tissue of mouse embryos at E13.5. On the cellular level, PAD4 was expressed in the nucleus and mitochondria of OMSC. Compared to the WT mice,micro-CT showed that PAD4-KO mice had retrusive jaw and decreased mineralization. The proliferation and migration ability of OMSC in PAD4-KO mice were decreased. OMSCs lacking PAD4 had significantly decreased ALP staining level, and the expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes were decreased. In addition, it was found that PAD4 might affect OMSC mineralization by regulating Runx2 transcription. Conclusion PAD4 is expressed in the jaw during embryonic development. It might affect the embryonic development by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of OMSC, leading to craniomaxillofacial abnormalities

Objective To investigate the effect of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on the proliferation and stemness of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) silencing with integrin α6 (ITGA6). Methods ITGA6 silencing lentivirus was used to interfere the ITGA6 expression of hDPSCs, and its silencing efficiency was detected. Then HUVECs were added to the chambers to co-culture, and the experiments were divided into four groups (sh-NC, sh-ITGA6, sh-NC+HUVECs and sh-ITGA6+HUVECs). hDPSCs in the sh-NC and sh-ITGA6 groups were transfected with sh-NC and sh-ITGA6 respectively. hDPSCs transfected with sh-NC and sh-ITGA6 were co-cultured with HUVECs in the sh-NC+HUVECs group and sh-ITGA6+HUVECs group respectively. The proliferation capacity of hDPSCs of each group was examined by CCK-8 and EdU on day 7. Immunofluorescence detected the expression of Stro-1, and Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of Oct4 and Nanog. Results ①Fluorescence microscopy showed that the transfection efficiency was about 80%. Real-time PCR and Western blot results showed that sh-ITGA6 lentivirus effectively interfered with ITGA6 expression in hDPSCs. ②CCK-8 results showed that on day 5 of co-culture, the proliferation ability of the sh-ITGA6+HUVECs group was superior to that of the sh-ITGA6 group (P<0.05); on day 7, the proliferation ability of the sh-NC+HUVECs and sh-ITGA6+HUVECs group was superior to that of the sh-NC and sh-ITGA6 group (P<0.05). EdU results showed that the DNA synthesis ability of hDPSCs in the co-culture group was significantly stronger than that in the single-culture group (P<0.05). ③Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the expression of Stro-1 in the co-culture group was significantly stronger than that in the single-culture group. ④Real-time PCR results showed that the expression of Oct4 in the co-culture group was higher than that in the single-culture group (P<0.05); the expression of Nanog in hDPSCs with sh-ITGA6 was elevated by the addition of HUVECs co-culture (P<0.05). Conclusion HUVECs significantly enhance the proliferation and stemness of hDPSCs silencing integrin α6.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic dentures with flat tables in edentulous patients with neuromuscular dysfunction. Methods Thirteen edentulous patients with neuromuscular dysfunction participated in this study. Initially, conventional complete dentures were fabricated using the biofunctional prosthetic system(BPS)method and delivered to the patients. The satisfaction questionnaire and oral health-related quality of life(OHRQoL) were assessed on the day of delivery and again two weeks later. The patients whose grades of over-all satisfactory fewer than 8 were participated in neuromuscular training with therapeutic dentures. Subsequently, 4 mm of the occlusal surfaces of the mandibular artificial posterior teeth were removed to create flat tables. Once the mandibular position was stabilized, new mandibular denture was fabricated and the same assessments were conducted on the day of delivery. Results In edentulous patients with neuromuscular dysfunction, there were no significant improvements in satisfaction, or OHRQoL on the day of delivery or two weeks later. However, significant improvements in satisfaction and OHRQoL were observed after the definitive dentures delivered following neuromuscular training(P<0.05). Conclusion Thetherapeutic dentures with flat tables can improve the neuromuscular function in edentulous patients with neuromuscular dysfunction, significantly increasing their satisfaction in the dentures, while also enhancing their quality of life.

Objective To investigate the initial temperature sensation and pressure pain sensation in patients receiving invisible orthodontic treatment. Methods Twenty-two patients receiving clear aligner treatment(experimental group)and 22 volunteers(control group)participated. Perceptual changes were assessed using the visual analogue scale(VAS) and quantitative sensory testing(QST). The QST employed in this study included warm detection threshold/heat pain threshold (WDT/HPT), cold detection threshold/cold pain threshold (CDT/CPT), and pressure pain threshold (PPT). Tests were conducted on teeth 21 and 31, their gums, the left hand, and the left masseter muscle. Assessments occurred at baseline, 2 hours, 24 hours, 7 days, and 28 days after aligner placement. Results In the experimental group, VAS scores peaked at 24 hours and then significantly decreased(P<0.01). For teeth 21 and 31, the WDT and HPT of the labial attached gingiva, along with the PPT of these teeth, showed significant decreases at 24 hours and 7 days compared to baseline and the control group(P<0.01). At 24 hours and 7 days, VAS scores were negatively correlated with the WDT and HPT of the labial attached gingiva of teeth 21 and 31(P<0.05). Conclusion At 24 hours and 7 days post-clear aligner treatment, thermal sensitivity and pain, as well as pressure pain sensitivity, increased for the gingiva of teeth 21 and 31. Thermal sensitivity was also correlated with pain intensity.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of supernumerary tooth combined with dentigerous cyst, and to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 51 children with tooth combined with dentigerous cyst and the correlation analysis was conducted for gender, age, number of supernumerary teeth, site of disease, presence of impacted teeth and dentigerous cyst. SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results Among the 51 children, 43 were males and 8 were females, with a male-to-female ratio of 5.38∶1; aged 6-16 years, with an average age of (11.51±2.93) years. 29 cases (56.86%) had one supernumerary tooth; 17 cases (33.33%) had two supernumerary teeth, and 4 cases (7.84%) and 1 case (1.96%) had three or more supernumerary teeth, respectively. Among the 81 supernumerary teeth, 82.72% were located in maxillary, 88.89% in the anterior region, 41.96% in the left side and 45.68% in the right side. Seventy-six (93.83%) supernumerary teeth did not erupt, of which 33 (40.74%) were vertically impacted. Among the 51 children, there were 57 cysts, of which 80.70% were located in the maxillary and 91.23% were located in the anterior region. There was no significant difference between whether the supernumerary tooth was in the cyst and whether it was accompanied by the impacted permanent tooth and the direction of cyst expansion (P>0.05). Conclusion Supernumerary tooth with dentigerous cyst are more common in males, and most of them are impacted teeth. Both supernumerary tooth and dentigerous cyst are common in the maxillary anterior teeth, and there is no obvious correlation between whether the supernumerary teeth are in the cyst and whether they are accompanied by impacted permanent teeth and cyst bulging direction.

Objective To investigate the effects of TEK receptor tyrosine kinase (Tie2) L914F mutation on the biological behavior of vascular endothelial cells and the changes of related signaling pathways in patients with venous malformations. Methods Gene sequencing was used to detect Tie2-L914F mutations in venous malformations. HE staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the expression of platelet derived growth factor subunit B gene (PDGFB) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in venous malformations caused by the mutation. Lentivirus overexpressing Tie2-wild type (Tie2-WT), Tie2-L914F and Tie2-GFP (green fluorescent protein, GFP) infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression level of Tie2 in endothelial cells expressing exogenous Tie2 and Flag-tagged protein Tie2 protein was detected by western blotting to verify transfection efficiency. The proliferation, apoptosis, migration and tube-forming ability of the cells were determined by CCK-8, flow cytometry, Transwell migration assay and Matrigel matrix gel tube-forming assay. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of Protein Kinase B (PKB/AKT), FOXO1 and their phosphorylation, and the expression level of PDGFB was detected by ELISA. Results The number of patients with venous malformations with L914F mutations was about 33.3%. HE and immunohistochemical staining showed that the expressions of PDGFB and α-SMA were significantly down-regulated in venous malformation tissues with Tie2-L914F mutation, and were positively correlated with the decrease in cell coverage of the tube wall. Compared with Tie2-WT endothelial cells, the apoptosis number of Tie2-L914F endothelial cells was significantly reduced, while the proliferation and migration ability was significantly increased, and the tube-forming ability was significantly decreased. Western blotting and ELISA showed that the phosphorylation levels of AKT and FOXO1 downstream of Tie2 signaling pathway in endothelial cells expressing Tie2-L914F were significantly increased, and the expression level of PDGFB was significantly decreased. Conclusion In venous malformations, Tie2-L914F mutation may downregulate the expression of PDGFB through AKT signaling pathway, which affects the biological behavior of vascular endothelial cells.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of cast post and cores with traction design in coronal extrusion of upper anterior teeth with subgingival fracture. Methods Twenty-five upper anterior teeth with subgingival fracture were treated by root canal therapy, then cast post and cores with traction design and composite resin crown restorations were made for orthodontic extrusion. Position retention and gingival margin modification were performed before crown restoration of these teeth. The correlation between extrusion length and extrusion time was evaluated, as well as the correlation between extrusion length and migration distance in coronal direction about the gingival margin. Crown-root ratio and post-root ratio below the alveolar crest was evaluated after the crown restorations were finished. Evaluation of restoration effects was carried out in 3, 6, 12 months follow-up period. Results Root resorption began to appear on one tooth at six weeks; the remaining 24 teeth were migrated to target position and prosthesis were finished. There was a positive correlation between the extrusion length (x) and extrusion time (y₁), also between the extrusion length (x) and migration distance in coronal direction about the gingival margin (y₂) by statistical analysis. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the extrusion teeth and compared teeth on crown-root ratio. More than 1/2 of the ratio between the length of post to the length of root below the alveolar crest. The prognostic stability was satisfied in 3, 6, 12 months follow-up period. Conclusion There are satisfactory clinical application effects of cast post and cores with traction design in coronal extrusion of upper anterior teeth with subgingival fracture.

The high permeability of glass ceramics limits the application of glass ceramics chair-side immediate restoration technology to pulp-free anterior teeth. This paper introduces a new digital intracoronary color-shielding veneer restoration technology, which uses computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology to fabricate zirconia veneer in glass ceramics full crown, which can shield the influence of discolored abutments on the color of full crown and expand the clinical application range of high permeability glass ceramics.

Objective To investigate the application value of digital smile design in clinical internships for undergraduate students in oral restoration, and to provide a method for clinical teaching of aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth. Methods A total of 18 undergraduate students who participated in clinical internships in the prosthotontics department at the Stomatological Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from 2021 to 2023 were selected as the research subjects. Traditional oral photography and analysis of the red and white aesthetics of anterior teeth were taught, and digital smile design training was conducted using the anterior tooth aesthetic design module of 3-Shape oral scanning software. Digital smile design would be applied to patients with anterior tooth aesthetic problems. The students wererequired to fill out the evaluation questionnaire. Results The survey evaluation results indicated that digital smile design training could enhance students’ understanding and recognition of the aesthetics of anterior teeth (100%), improve their confidence in anterior teeth cases (88.89%), and also help cultivate students’ systematic thinking in diagnosis and treatment (88.89%), improve clinical photography skills (100%), and enhance their ability to communicate with patients (83.33%) and produce case reports (88.89%). All 18 students completed at least 1 case of anterior teeth aesthetic restoration guided by DSD during clinical practice. Conclusion Digital smile design can improve students’ thinking and abilities of digital system, improve their awareness and understanding of aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth, and has application prospects in clinical practice training of oral restoration.

Ionic liquids are materials with a lower melting point and higher solubility that can be regulated by changing their chemical structure. These materials can play a pharmacological role through transdermal, transmucosal and oral administration, so they can be used as carriers for drug delivery and can successfully deliver drugs to the lesion site. In addition, the ionic liquid itself also has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, and can act as a drug itself. According to the above characteristics, ionic liquid has application prospect in the field of oral disease prevention and treatment. At present, it has the function of optimizing implant, oral antibacterial material, dental prosthesis and root canal therapy, and has a good therapeutic effect on oral diseases such as hand-foot-mouth disease and periodontitis, and is expected to become a clinical treatment strategy for oral diseases. In this review, the properties of ionic liquids and their applications in common oral diseases are illustrated, in order to provide new ideas for oral disease prevention and treatment.

Oral and maxillofacial CBCT(cone beam computed tomography) as a kind of oral imaging techniques, can accurately show the tooth pulp in an all-round way. Especially for showingthe morphologyof special root canals, it has incomparable advantages over two-dimensional X ray film. With the development of digital technology and artificial intelligence technology, CBCT has been widely used in stomatology. In this paper, we will systematically review the applicationprogress of CBCT combined with oral digital technology and artificial intelligence technology, with a view to providing references for clinical diagnosis and treatmentand technical development of the discipline.

Reimplantation is one of the treatments after removing failed dental implants. In recent years, lower survival rates have been observed in reimplanted implants compared to initial implantations, possibly due to patient factors and site-specific conditions of the failed site. Therefore, in addition to considering the timing of implantation, techniques for soft and hard tissue regeneration, and implant selection, it is important to evaluate the timing and reasons for previous failures as well as the removal methods when performing reimplantation. This review aims to summarize the risk factors affecting the survival rate and discuss treatment strategies for improving outcomes of reimplantation.

The proportion of elderly patients has been increasing in recent years, as has the risk of cardiovascular accidents caused by tension, pain, and other stimuli in dental treatment. Because there is a high demand for dental treatment for elderly patients under conscious sedation, it has attracted a lot of attention. This paper examines the current state of research on and application precautions for commonly used conscious sedation techniques such as oral sedation, inhalation sedation, and intravenous sedation. A number of studies have shown that different sedation methods have the advantages of reducing hemodynamic fluctuations and relieving anxiety in clinical applications, so they have promising application prospects. However, with perfect pre-sedation assessment, appropriate sedation medication, comprehensive sedation monitoring, and effective emergency plans, this technology can better ensure clinical safety.

Adenoid hypertrophy is a common disease in children and the incidence has been on the rise in recent years. Adenoid hypertrophy in children can cause sinusitis, otitis media, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, psychological and behavioral problems, etc., affecting the normal growth and development of children. Adenoid hypertrophy is the main cause of mouth breathing due to narrowing of the upper airway, which can result in the formation of adenoid facies, affecting the normal development of the maxillofacial region and leading to the occurrence of malocclusion. This article reviews the relevant research progress of the mechanisms, types, and treatment of malocclusion caused by adenoid hypertrophy.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) is the most prevalent malignant tumor in the head and neck region, with a relatively high incidence and mortality rate. Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA) is an important class of non-coding RNA molecules that play a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of OSCC. Urothelial carcinoma associated 1(UCA1) is highly expressed in OSCC, where it regulates the biological behavior of tumor cells through miRNA sponge activity and activation of downstream signaling pathways. This article reviews the mechanisms of action of UCA1 in OSCC and its research progress in areas such as tumor proliferation, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. This is expected to provide a theoretical foundation for the potential clinical applications of UCA1 in OSCC.