Abstract：Objective To investigate the effects of farnesol on cell death in C.albicans biofilms is necrosis or apoptosis and its correlation with the expression of CDR1 and MCA1.Methods The research strain was C.albicans standard strain and resistant strain. The study was divided into C.albicans biofilm farnesol treated group and its untreated control group. Morphological changes of C.albicans biofilm treated with farnesol were observed by confocal laser scanning microscope with PI staining. Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry was employed to analysis the effect of farnesol on apoptosis and necrosis of C.albicans . The expression of CDR1 and MCA1 gene that related to apoptosis and necrosis of C.albicans was detected through q-RTPCR. Results The study found that the necrotic rate of C.albicans biofilms was higher in farnesol treated groups than that of the non-treated groups（P﹤0.05）. In different biofilm phases, farnesol had a consistent necrosis effect on the biofilms from the resistant and standard strains. Under the treatment of 400 μmol/L-800 μmol/L farnesol , the rate of necrosis cells of 6 h phase was lower than 12 h phase, but higher than 24 h phase（P﹤0.05）. The rate of necrosis cells was higher in biofilm from the resistant strains than that of the biofilms from the standard strains（P﹤0.05）. The apoptosis effect of farnesol on C.albicans biofilms from the resistant and standard strains was not obvious（P>0.05）. Farnesol increased the expression of CDR1 genes of the biofilm from the resistant strains at the three studied phases and that of the biofilms from the standard strains at the early phase, respectively. Farnesol also increased the expression of MCA1 gene of the biofilms from the resistant strains and standard strains at the early phase, respectively（P﹤0.05）. Conclusion Farnesol promotes the necrosis of C.albicans biofilms from the resistant and standard strains, which is more significant on the biofilms from the resistant strains. CDR1 and MCA1 may be associated with necrosis of biofilms formed from the resistant strain. The necrosis effect of farnesol on the biofilm of C.albicans is related to its concentration and biofilm phase.

Objective To investigate the effect of baicalein combined with baicalin on the proliferation and migration ability of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) CAL-27 cells in vitro. Methods The effects of baicalein, baicalin and their combination on the proliferation of CAL-27 cells were measured by MTT method. The effects of baicalin, baicalin and their combination on the migration of CAL-27 cells were tested by scratch test. Fluorescence experiments were performed to detect the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) epithelial marker E-cadherin and mesenchymal marker N-cadherin. Results The MTT results showed that baicalein and baicalin could inhibit the proliferation of CAL-27 cells. With the increase of the concentration, the inhibition rate gradually increased, while the inhibitory effect of the combined drug group on CAL-27 cells was significantly higher than that of baicalein and baicalin monotherapy group (P=0.045, P=0.001), combined index (CI) <1. Scratch test results show that at 24 hours, the cell healing rates of the combined and monotherapy groups were significantly lower than the control group (P=0.001, P=0.002, P=0.001), and the combination drug group was lower than the single drug group (P=0.003, P=0.002). Immunofluorescence results showed that compared with the control group, in baicalein, baicalin and the combination drug groups, the expression of E-cadherin protein increased while the expression of N-cadherin protein decreased. And the difference in the combination group was more significant than the single drug group. Conclusion Both baicalin and baicalin can inhibit the proliferation and migration of CAL-27 cells, and the combined drug has a stronger ability to inhibit the proliferation and migration of CAL-27 cells than the baicalein and baicalin groups. The inhibition may be related to the reverse expression of EMT.

Objective　To evaluate the mechanical properties of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin composites containing zirconia fillers conditioned by two different phosphate ester monomers. Methods　Two different phosphate monomers solutions (MDP and PENTA) were prepared in advance, and then the zirconia fillers were mixed with MDP or PENTA at the ratio of 1ml/1g. The zirconia fillers before and after the treatment were added to the Bis-GMA-based experimental resin composites at a ratio of 5% (Bis-GMA: TEGDMA = 7:3, silicon oxide treated by silane: zirconia = 55:5), and four resin composites were obtained: group A, without zirconia fillers (control group); group B, with untreated zirconia fillers (ZrO2); group C, with MDP-treated zirconia fillers (MDP- ZrO2); group D, containing PENTA-treated zirconia fillers (PENTA- ZrO2). The morphology and structure of the resin composites containing zirconia fillers were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the composition and distribution of elements were analyzed by EDS. The three-point bending test samples were prepared according to the ISO 4049, and the bending strength test was performed using a universal testing machine. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-hoc least significant difference test was used to evaluate the three-point bending strength in SPSS 21.0 statistical software. Results　The SEM showed that the zirconia fillers treated by MDP and PENTA were uniformly dispersed in the resin composites. There was no agglomeration in the fillers containing untreated zirconia. The EDS showed that the resin composite containing zirconia fillers treated by MDP and PENTA had the most Si content, followed by O and the least Zr content. Mapping showed that the three elements were evenly distributed in the materials. There was no significant difference in the values of three-point bending strength between the MDP-ZrO2 and the PENTA-ZrO2, but the values were significantly higher than that of ZrO2 group. The four groups of resin composites all obtained higher elastic modulus values, and there was no significant difference between the groups. Conclusions　Adding both MDP and PENTA-conditioned zirconia fillers can improve the flexural strength of the resin composite without affect its elastic modulus, and there was no significant difference in the effect of two phosphate monomers.

Abstract：Objective To investigate the morphological characteristics of maxillofacial bone abnormalities secondary to chronic kidney disease (CKD), meanwhile evaluating the biological function of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteoclast precursors from the mouse model in vitro. Methods A mouse model of CKD was established by adenine diet induction. Monitor changes in body weight and serum biochemical indicators of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) every 4 weeks, and perform HE staining of kidney tissues at the end of the 12th week. The mandibles were analyzed by Micro-CT and HE staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the serum level of parathyroid hormone (PTH). MSCs were cultured in vitro to detect their proliferation and osteogenic differentiation ability. Bone marrow macrophage (BMMs) were induced into osteoclasts to observe the osteoclast differentiation. Results Compared with the normal control group, the body weights were decreased and serum levels of BUN, CREA, CA, P were increased in the CKD group(P<0.05). The HE staining of kidney tissues in the CKD group showed the number of glomerulus was decreased, renal interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. Micro-CT analysis revealed that the bone density and mass of mandible were reduced in the CKD group (P<0.05); The HE staining of the CKD group showed an increase in mandibular osteoid and irregular trabecular shape. ELISA showed serum PTH levels were significantly increased in the CKD group (P<0.05). In vitro experiments showed that the proliferation and early osteogenic differentiation ability of MSCs of the CKD group were increased(P<0.05), but CKD osteoblasts mineralized slowly in the later period(P<0.05). The TRAP staining results showed osteoclast differentiation to be more active in the CKD group(P<0.05). Conclusions Hyperparathyroidism secondary to CKD can lead to osteogenesis and mineralization disorder of high-proliferation MSCs in the late stage，and contribute to the differentiation of osteoclast, and accelerate bone transformation. The maxillofacial bone may show a decrease in bone mass and changes in bone microstructure.

:　Objective　To investigate the relationship between the speed of shrinkage (SS) and the intracapsular pressure during indicated time after decompression. Methods Twenty-five patients who were diagnosed with cystic lesions of jaw bone by both imaging and pathological examination from April 2018 to October 2019 in the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University were enrolled in this study. Pressure sensors were utilized to measure the intracapsular pressure before operation. The volume of the cyst lesions was determined using mimics17.0 software before operation and 3, 6, 12 months after the surgery. Then the speed of shrinkage was calculated at different time periods (SS0-3: the rate of volume reduction in the first 3 months after surgery, SS3-6: the rate of volume reduction during 3 to 6 months after surgery, SS6-12: the rate of volume reduction during 6 to 12 months after surgery). The Student’s ANOVA and linear correction analysis were utilized to evaluate the statistical significance of the results and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results 1. ANOVA statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between SS0-3, SS3-6 and SS6-12. 2. SS0-3 was negatively correlated with intracapsular pressure (r = -0.5295, n=25, P<0.01). 3. SS0-3 was negatively correlated with age (r = -0.5866, n=25, P <0.01). 4. The intracapsular pressure was negatively associated with preoperative volume (r = -0.4487，n = 25，P<0.05). 5. The preoperative cystic volume of adults was positively correlated with SS0-3 (r =0.4546, n=20 ,P<0.05). Conclusion The intracapsular pressure of cystic lesions is closely related to the speed of shrinkage in different time periods after decompression.

Objective　 To investigate the initial effect of Color Doppler Ultrasound in the donor and recipient vessels of free flaps reconstructing the head and neck defects preoperatively. Methods Eleven patients with head and neck tissue defects requiring free flap transplantation were evaluated by CDUS preoperatively. The blood vessel diameter, peak flow velocity and vessel wall thickness of all the cases in the donor and recipient areas were detected. According to the results of CDUS, the appropriate anastomotic vessels were selected and protected retained during the operation. The flap survival situation was observed postoperatively. Results CDUS provides data on vessel diameter, peak flow velocity and vessel wall thickness. The matching rate of blood vessels in the donor area and the recipient area was 81.82% in 11 cases. All flaps survived. Conclusion Color Doppler Ultrasound can effectively evaluate vascular perfusion before surgery, which is precise, non-invasive, economical and repeatable, and is significant in guiding the design of free flap preoperatively.

Objective　To measure the dimension of alveolar crest bone left in the anterior and posterior region of the edentulous mandible and sort out their relationship, providing reference for making a clinical implantation plan. Methods The study included 27 adult patients (54 hemi-mandible) with edentulous mandible who were taken CBCT at the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from July 2016 to August 2018. The DICOM data of all subjects were imported into the Simplant Pro 11.04 software to measure the alveolar crest bone height and width of the anterior and posterior mandible. The statistical software was used to analyze the data. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to calculate the correlation of bone height and width between anterior area and premolar area or molar area of the edentulous mandible. Results　For the width of the alveolar crest, there was no significant correlation between the anterior and posterior area of the mandible (comparing premolar area with anterior area, p=0.27>0.05, r=0.22; comparing molar area with anterior area p= 0.95>0.05, r=0.01). It showed different degrees of correlation between anterior and posterior area of the edentulous mandible in terms of the width of 3minimeters below the alveolar crest, the width of 5minimeters bel ow the alveolar crest, the height of the mandible, the height of the mandible above the inferior alveolar nerve tube. For the width of 3mm below the alveolar crest, the premolar area was strongly correlated with the anterior area (P<0.001, r=0.74), while the molar area was moderately correlated with the anterior area (P=0.02<0.05, r=0.44). For the width of 5mm below the alveolar crest, the premolar area was strongly correlated with the anterior area (P<0.001, r=0.78), while the molar area was moderately correlated with the anterior area (P=0.003<0.05, r=0.55). For the height of the mandible, the premolar area was strongly correlated with the anterior area (P<0.001, r=0.79), and the molar area was also strongly correlated with the anterior area (P<0.001, r=0.70). For the height of the mandible above the inferior alveolar nerve tube, the premolar area was strongly correlated with the anterior area (P<0.001, r=0.64), while the molar area was moderately correlated with the anterior area (P=0.001<0.05, r=0.58). With the decrease of the width and height of the posterior area of the mandible, the width and height of the anterior area decreased. Conclusion　The progress of bone resorption in anterior and posterior region of edentulous mandible is almost the same. Whether all-on-4 can be applied in the anterior region is still to be considered in the case of serious bone defects in the posterior region of the edentulous mandible.

Objective To determine the primary stability measured by peak insertion torque value (ITV) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and to investigate the correlation between ITV and RFA value and the related influential variables. Methods Four hundred and forty-nine dental implants were placed into 225 patients. Peak ITV was recorded during surgery, and then implant stability quotient (ISQ) values were measured using wireless RFA. The implants were grouped according to 6 independent variables including age, sex, bone quality, surgical area, length and diameter of implants. Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software. Results Generally, a weak positive correlation was observed between ITV and RFA values (r=0.217, P<0.01), while in the case of poor bone quality, the correlation between the two indexes was relatively high. No statically differences in terms of age, sex, implant length were found for RFA and ITV. A higher level of statistical significance was found for ITV (P<0.01) when grouping implants by bone quality, while good ISQ values showed in most cases, especially in posterior sector of mandible. The mean ISQ value of 3.5 mm diameter group was statistically significant smaller than that of 4.3 and 5.0 mm group. The mandibular group had significantly higher mean ISQ and ITV values than the maxillary group, but significant difference was observed between the anterior and posterior sector only in RFA values. Conclusion ITV and RFA value can be taken as two independent features of primary stability. However, in the case of poor bone quality, ITV can partly reflect the RFA value. Under the same conditions of surgery method and implant body, ITV is only strongly correlated with the bone quality, while both diameter and bone quality seem to pose a positive effect on the measured ISQ to some extent. Implants in the posterior sector of the mandible tend to obtain better primary stability no matter in anti rotation or axial stability.

Abstract：　Objective　To evaluate the tooth-alveolar bone complex morphology of the maxillary posterior region of adult patients with skeletal class II by CBCT, and to analyze whether there is a correlation between the vertical facial type and the alveolar bone morphology of the maxillary posterior region. Methods　the sample consisted of 84 adult patients with skeletal class II who visited Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from 2015 to 2018. Measure the buccolingual inclination of the first molar and second molar, the thickness and inclination of the alveolar bone, maxillary base width,buccal alveolar bone, arch width, and the sagittal length of alveolar. Results　The first molar and second molar of hyperdivergent group are more buccal inclined,have narrower maxillary base width and the alveolar height is smaller.The sagittal length of alveolar of hyperdivergent group is shorter.Compared with hypodivergent group,hyperdivergent group have more erect alveolar inclination and marrower alveolar bone thickness of palatal root.Arch width and vertical alveolar bone growth have no cerrection with vertical facial type.. Conclusions　There was a correlation between vertical facial type and tooth-alveolar bone complex morphology morphology in the maxillary posterior region of adult patients with skeletal class II,Which remind us of orthodontic tooth movement limit of patient with higher mandibular plane angle.

Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of iRoot SP with and without gutta-percha by different root canal obturation techniques. Methods: Forty single-canal upper incisors were collected and decoronated to obtain 12 mm root segments.The root canals were prepared by using ProTaper rotary files and allocated into 4 groups randomly（n=10）, then obturated with gutta-percha and(or) iRoot SP by cold lateral compaction, continuous wave condensation, single core, sealer-only backfill techniques respectively. All samples were sliced perpendicularly to the long axis from the apical to the coronal side on a low-speed microtome to a thickness of 1.00 mm . The bond strength of the 2、5、8 piece ，which was on behalf of the apical 1/3 segment, the middle 1/3 segment and the coronal 1/3 segment respectively ,were calculated by a universal testing machine and observe the fracture mode at the same time. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 software package. Results:In the apical third, the SOB technology had the lowest bond strength,(P <0.05); in the coronal third, CWC technology showed the lowest bond strength, (P < 0.05). There were no significant difference among three segments in SOB technology group. The mainly fracture mode was interfacial fractures in CWC group while cohesive fracture and mixed fracture in other three groups.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the root and canal configuration of mandibular first molars (MFMs) in a native Chinese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 1741 MFMs from 1067 patients were retrieved from a CBCT imaging database. The root number, canal morphology and correlation between root number and the prevalence of middle mesial canals (MMCs) with sex and age were analyzed. Results: The prevalence of three-rooted MFMs was 29.81% (519/1741), with no significant sex difference(P>0.05). The prevalence of Vertucci type IV canals was 34.20% (415/1220) in the mesial roots of two-rooted MFMs and 36.61% (190/519) in three-rooted MFMs. Vertucci type I canals were mostly detected in the distal roots (42.54%, 519/1220) of two-rooted MFMs, and the distobuccal (93.26%, 484/519) and distolingual (100%, 519/519) roots of three-rooted MFMs. No significant sex differences were observed. Additionally, the overall prevalence of MMCs was 6.49% (113/1741). The prevalence of MMCs decreased with age over 20 years old, and the incidence was higher in males (7.04%, 68/965) than females (5.80%, 45/776) (P<0.05). Conclusions: CBCT was valuable in detecting MMCs in MFMs, as well as other complex root canal morphology. There was no significant sex difference in the occurrence of three-rooted MFMs. The prevalence of MMCs was higher in males than females, with an average prevalence of 6.49%, and the incidence was lower in older versus younger patients.

Objective To evaluate the patterns of oral health service utilization and to determine the related factors among 3- to 5-year-old children and 12- to 15-year-old students in Jiangsu Province. Methods The sampling process was conducted with a multistage stratified equal capacity method. A total of 1337 children and 3914 students were recruited. Oral health examinations and questionnaire investigations were carried out to evaluate the needs and utilization of oral health service. Chi-square tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, multivariate logistic regression were used to identify the variables associated with oral health service utilization based on the past 12-month clinical situation. Results Caries prevalence rates of 3- to 5-year-old children and 12- to 15-year-old students in Jiangsu Province were 59.69% and 34.98%. And 98.12% and 82.47% of the caries were unfilled. Among them, 89.68% of 12- to 15-year-old students had periodontal problems, 13.76% children and 25.29% students had utilized oral health services in the past 12 months. Main reason for care-seeking was receiving dental treatment (3- to 5-year-old 49.73%, 12- to 15-year-old 45.15%). The main reason for not utilizing oral health services in the past 12 months in 3- to 5-year-old children was that parents thought their children had no dental problems, or no serious dental problems, and there was no need to care for primary teeth. Oral health status, oral hygiene behavior and parents’ educational attainment affected the utilization of oral health services. Conclusion The need for dental care is heavy, while utilization of dental service is relatively low. Oral health education in kindergartens and schools should be strengthened to improve the utilization of dental services.

Objective　To understand the status of tooth loss and denture restoration of middle-aged and elderly people in Jiangsu, and analyze the trend of change, so as to provide a basis for making oral health policies. Methods According to the protocol of the 4th National Oral Health Survey, a multistage stratified random cluster-sampling method was used to enroll adult subjects aged 35 to74 years old in Jiangsu. A total of 450 people were selected, including 146 people aged 35 to 44, 153 people aged 55 to 64 and 151 people aged 65 to 74. The status of tooth loss and denture restoration was investigated. Results Among the 450 subjects investigated, 38.22% had complete dentition, 61.11% had dentition defects, and 0.67% were edentulous. With the increase of age, the rate of complete dentition decreased significantly, the rate of dentition defect increased significantly and the mean of missing teeth increased significantly (P<0.05). The mean of missing teeth was 3.16±5.17, which in rural areas was significantly higher than in urban areas (P<0.05). The rate of restoration of tooth loss was 50.36% in Jiangsu. The detection rate of fixed partial dentures was statistically higher in urban areas than in rural areas (P<0.05). However, the rates of unrepair of tooth loss were significantly lower in urban than in rural areas (P<0.05). With the increase of age, the detection rates of fixed partial dentures, removable partial denture and irregular denture increased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion The situation of tooth loss and denture restoration in Jiangsu is still not optimistic. It is suggested to improve the oral health care measures, raise the awareness of oral health care among the residents, and improve the level of tooth restoration of middle-aged and elderly people.

　The closure of soft tissue around implants not only relies on epithelial attachment, but also on reconstructing fibrous connective tissue attachment, so as to firmly support the epithelial barrier to prevent peri-implant inflammation and maintain long-term stability of implants. Ideal connective tissue attachment plays an important role in the design of implant neck. This paper reviews the research progress of peri-implant connective tissue attachment.

Periodontal ligament stem cells（PDLSCs） are a type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs),which are seed cells of periodontal reconstruction and repair．In normal, the osteogenic differentiation capacity of PDLSCs is stable, maintaining the dynamic balance of osteogenesis and osteoclasia. However, the differentiation capacity of PDLSCs can be destroyed in the inflammatory environment, leading to loss of periodontal tissue, which can’t recover spontaneously. Promoting the regeneration capacity of PDLSCs is an important way of periodontal regeneration. Long non-coding RNA(LncRNA) can participate in the inflammatory response in several aspects and be related to the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs，and increasingly become a hot spot of research. This article reviewed the mechanism of LncRNA regulating the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs.

The 14-3-3 protein family is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells and is a highly conserved family of acidic proteins. It acts as an adaptor protein involved in various regulatory processes of cells such as cell cycle, metabolism, apoptosis, and incidence of diseases. In recent years, studies have found that 14-3-3 protein is associated with the occurrence and development of various tumors, and can be used as a new target for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This article briefly describes the expression and role of the 14-3-3 protein family in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Condylar idiopathic absorption (ICR) is a disease characterized with progressive condylar absorption, and its reason is not clear. ICR can lead to reduced condylar volume, decreased ramus height, mandible clockwise, anterior open bite and a discordant face type of skeletal classⅡ malocclusion, which seriously affects the maxillofacial appearance function. The article starts from the etiology of condylar idiopathic absorption and focuses on the relationship between anterior disc displacement（ADD） and ICR，so as to provide strong biomedical evidence for clinical treatment of such diseases.

The prevalence of malocclusion in children and adolescents are high, which makes an effect on psychological and physiological health of different level. Early orthodontic treatment could achieve a better prognosis in a more simple and convenient way, yet the assessment of which is different among scholars. Except for the subjective judgment, the assessment of malocclusion in quantization is urgent. Discussion on the application of malocclusion assessment index in early orthodontic treatment provides a better guidance on it.