龈沟产线菌调节CXCL3介导的中性粒细胞浸润加重实验性牙周炎的机制研究

doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2026.07.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的探究龈沟产线菌(Filifactor alocis,F. alocis)调节中性粒细胞浸润加重实验性牙周炎的分子机制。方法构建F. alocis感染中性粒细胞模型,CCK-8检测F. alocis对中性粒细胞的毒性,RT-qPCR检测F. alocis对中性粒细胞趋化因子CXC趋化因子配体(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand,CXCL)1、CXCL2、CXCL3、CXCL5、CXCL6、CXCL8、CXCL16及炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、CC趋化因子配体2(C-C motif chemokine ligand,CCL2)mRNA表达的影响,ELISA检测CXCL3分泌水平的改变,细胞免疫荧光检测中性粒细胞CXCL3的表达,Transwell检测细胞趋化性。通过小鼠双侧上颌第二磨牙丝线结扎联合F. alocis口腔涂抹,构建F. alocis感染的小鼠牙周炎模型,并牙龈注射CXCL3中和抗体。Micro-CT检测牙槽骨破坏程度,组织免疫荧光染色检测F. alocis感染后淋巴细胞抗原6复合物基因座G(lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G,Ly-6G)阳性中性粒细胞在牙周组织的浸润情况。结果在共培养≤6 h且感染复数(multiplicity of infection,MOI)=10时,F. alocis对中性粒细胞毒性影响最小。F. alocis上调CXCL2、CXCL3、CXCL8、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA表达,下调CCL2表达,促进中性粒细胞趋化性增强和炎症因子释放。此外,F. alocis加重牙周炎模型小鼠的牙槽骨破坏和牙周组织中性粒细胞浸润,使用CXCL3中和抗体可有效抑制该炎症进程。结论 F. alocis通过CXCL3调控中性粒细胞在牙周组织中的募集,加剧牙周炎所致的组织炎症及牙槽骨破坏,提示CXCL3是F. alocis致病的关键趋化因子及潜在治疗靶点。

关键词: 龈沟产线菌, 中性粒细胞, 牙周炎, 趋化因子配体3

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the molecular mechanism by which Filifactor alocis (F. alocis) regulates neutrophil infiltration and exacerbates experimental periodontitis. Methods A F. alocis infection model was established in neutrophils. Neutrophil cytotoxicity under F. alocis stimulation was assessed using CCK-8 assay. RT-qPCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of neutrophil chemokines (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8, CXCL16) and inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). CXCL3 secretion levels were measured using ELISA. The expression of CXCL3 in neutrophils was detected by cellular immunofluorescence. Chemotaxis was measured using Transwell assays. A mouse model of F. alocis-induced periodontitis was established by silk ligation around bilateral maxillary second molars combined with oral smearing of F. alocis. CXCL3 neutralizing antibody was administered by gingival injection. Alveolar bone destruction was assessed using Micro-CT, and the infiltration of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G (Ly-6G)-positive neutrophils in periodontal tissues was detected by tissue immunofluorescence staining. Results F. alocis exhibited minimal cytotoxic effects on neutrophils at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 within a 6-hour co-culture period. F. alocis upregulated the mRNA expression of CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL8, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, while downregulating CCL2 expression, thereby enhancing neutrophil chemotaxis and inflammatory cytokine release. In vivo, F. alocis aggravated alveolar bone destruction and neutrophil infiltration in the periodontal tissues of periodontitis model mice. Notably, administration of a CXCL3-neutralizing antibody effectively suppressed this inflammatory process. Conclusion F. alocis promotes neutrophil recruitment into periodontal tissues via CXCL3, exacerbating alveolar bone destruction and tissue inflammation in periodontitis. These findings identify CXCL3 as a key chemokine mediating F. alocis pathogenicity and a potential therapeutic target.

Key words: Filifactor alocis, neutrophils, periodontitis, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CXCL3)

中图分类号:

R781.4

张群博, 李程, 任敏仪, 李璐. 龈沟产线菌调节CXCL3介导的中性粒细胞浸润加重实验性牙周炎的机制研究[J]. 口腔医学, 2026, 46(7): 481-488.

ZHANG Qunbo, LI Cheng, REN Minyi, LI Lu. Filifactor alocis exacerbates experimental periodontitis by modulating CXCL3-mediated neutrophil infiltration[J]. Stomatology, 2026, 46(7): 481-488.

图/表 8

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

参考文献 34

[1]	Hajishengallis G. Periodontitis: From microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2015, 15(1): 30-44. doi: 10.1038/nri3785 pmid: 25534621
[2]	Aja E, Mangar M, Fletcher HM, et al. Filifactor alocis: Recent insights and advances[J]. J Dent Res, 2021, 100(8): 790-797. doi: 10.1177/00220345211000656
[3]	Aruni AW, Mishra A, Dou YT, et al. Filifactor alocis: A new emerging periodontal pathogen[J]. Microbes Infect, 2015, 17(7): 517-530. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.011
[4]	Oscarsson J, Claesson R, Bao K, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of Filifactor alocis strains isolated from several oral infections identified a novel RTX toxin, FtxA[J]. Toxins, 2020, 12(11): 687. doi: 10.3390/toxins12110687
[5]	Jusko M, Miedziak B, Ermert D, et al. FACIN, a double-edged sword of the emerging periodontal pathogen Filifactor alocis: A metabolic enzyme moonlighting as a complement inhibitor[J]. J Immunol, 2016, 197(8): 3245-3259. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600739
[6]	Mishra A, Aja E, Fletcher HM. Role of superoxide reductase FA796 in oxidative stress resistance in Filifactor alocis[J]. Sci Rep, 2020, 10: 9178. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65806-3
[7]	Kim HY, Lim Y, An SJ, et al. Characterization and immunostimulatory activity of extracellular vesicles from Filifactor alocis[J]. Mol Oral Microbiol, 2020, 35(1): 1-9. doi: 10.1111/omi.v35.1
[8]	Kim HY, Song MK, Gho YS, et al. Extracellular vesicles derived from the periodontal pathogen Filifactor alocis induce systemic bone loss through Toll-like receptor 2[J]. J Extracell Vesicles, 2021, 10(12): e12157. doi: 10.1002/jev2.v10.12
[9]	Song MK, Kim HY, Choi BK, et al. Filifactor alocis-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit osteogenesis through TLR2 signaling[J]. Mol Oral Microbiol, 2020, 35(5): 202-210. doi: 10.1111/omi.v35.5
[10]	Yoo HJ, Lee SH. Virulence of Filifactor alocis lipoteichoic acid on human gingival fibroblast[J]. Arch Oral Biol, 2022, 135: 105370. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105370
[11]	Zhang J, Chen BY, Zhi MF, et al. Linking oral microbiota to periodontitis and hypertension unveils that Filifactor alocis aggravates hypertension via infiltration of interferon-γ⁺ T cells[J]. m Systems, 2025, 10(6): e00084-e00025.
[12]	王雪奎, 孙瑶. 中性粒细胞与牙周炎关系的研究进展[J]. 口腔医学, 2024, 44(4): 292-296.
[13]	Qiu W, Guo RM, Yu HW, et al. Single-cell atlas of human gingiva unveils a NETs-related neutrophil subpopulation regulating periodontal immunity[J]. J Adv Res, 2025, 72: 287-301. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.028
[14]	Song J, Zhang YN, Bai YY, et al. The deubiquitinase OTUD1 suppresses secretory neutrophil polarization and ameliorates immunopathology of periodontitis[J]. Adv Sci, 2023, 10(30): 2303207. doi: 10.1002/advs.v10.30
[15]	Capucetti A, Albano F, Bonecchi R. Multiple roles for chemokines in neutrophil biology[J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 1259. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01259 pmid: 32733442
[16]	Dahlstrand Rudin A, Khamzeh A, Venkatakrishnan V, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis produce neutrophil specific chemoattractants including short chain fatty acids[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2021, 10: 620681. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.620681
[17]	Vashishta A, Li L, Srivastava S, et al. Filifactor alocis pathogenicity requires TLR2 and the oral microbiome[J]. J Dent Res, 2025, 104(11): 1248-1256. doi: 10.1177/00220345251331959
[18]	Miralda I, Vashishta A, Rogers MN, et al. Whole transcriptome analysis reveals that Filifactor alocis modulates TNFα-stimulated MAPK activation in human neutrophils[J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 497. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00497 pmid: 32373107
[19]	Yao YF, Yin YJ, Shuai FY, et al. M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles reprogram immature neutrophils into Anxa1^hi neutrophils to enhance inflamed bone regeneration[J]. Adv Sci, 2025, 12(28): 2416159. doi: 10.1002/advs.v12.28
[20]	Chen H, Liu Y, Zhang MH, et al. A Filifactor alocis-centered co-occurrence group associates with periodontitis across different oral habitats[J]. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 9053. doi: 10.1038/srep09053 pmid: 25761675
[21]	Nogueira AVB, Nokhbehsaim M, Damanaki A, et al. Filifactor alocis and tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulate synthesis of visfatin by human macrophages[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(3): 1235. doi: 10.3390/ijms22031235
[22]	Gutierrez LS, Zandim-Barcelos DL, Eick S, et al. Possible immunomodulatory role of Filifactor alocis through beta-defensin 2 in gingival keratinocytes[J]. Clin Oral Investig, 2024, 28(12): 658. doi: 10.1007/s00784-024-06043-0
[23]	Cardisciani M, Di Nicolantonio S, Altamura S, et al. Temporal dynamics of early inflammatory markers after professional dental cleaning: A meta-analysis and spline-based meta-regression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and (hs)CRP[J]. Front Immunol, 2025, 16: 1634622. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1634622
[24]	Adamik J, Wang KZQ, Unlu S, et al. Distinct mechanisms for induction and tolerance regulate the immediate early genes encoding interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(8): e70622. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070622
[25]	Lee A, Qiao Y, Grigoriev G, et al. Tumor necrosis factor α induces sustained signaling and a prolonged and unremitting inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2013, 65(4): 928-938. doi: 10.1002/art.v65.4
[26]	Kalliolias GD, Ivashkiv LB. TNF biology, pathogenic mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies[J]. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2016, 12(1): 49-62. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.169 pmid: 26656660
[27]	Fu LL, Yin CH, Zhao Q, et al. CD81⁺ senescent-like fibroblasts exaggerate inflammation and activate neutrophils via C3/C3aR1 axis in periodontitis[J]. eLife, 2025, 13: RP96908.
[28]	Sokulsky LA, Garcia-Netto K, Nguyen TH, et al. A critical role for the CXCL3/CXCL5/CXCR2 neutrophilic chemotactic axis in the regulation of type 2 responses in a model of rhinoviral-induced asthma exacerbation[J]. J Immunol, 2020, 205(9): 2468-2478. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901350 pmid: 32948685
[29]	Wang HH, Zhang BY, Li RQ, et al. KIAA1199 drives immune suppression to promote colorectal cancer liver metastasis by modulating neutrophil infiltration[J]. Hepatology, 2022, 76(4): 967-981. doi: 10.1002/hep.32383 pmid: 35108400
[30]	Szmydynger-Chodobska J, Strazielle N, Zink BJ, et al. The role of the choroid plexus in neutrophil invasion after traumatic brain injury[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2009, 29(9): 1503-1516. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.71
[31]	Qian J, Tao Q, Shen Y, et al. Periodontitis salivary microbiota exacerbates colitis by CXCL3 derived from gut microbiota-induced macrophages[J]. Microbiome, 2025, 13(1): 255. doi: 10.1186/s40168-025-02218-3
[32]	Armstrong CL, Miralda I, Neff AC, et al. Filifactor alocis promotes neutrophil degranulation and chemotactic activity[J]. Infect Immun, 2016, 84(12): 3423-3433. pmid: 27647870
[33]	Zhao YF, Zuo ZA, Li ZY, et al. Integrated multi-omics profiling reveals neutrophil extracellular traps potentiate aortic dissection progression[J]. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1): 10736. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-55038-8
[34]	Miralda I, Vashishta A, Uriarte SM. Neutrophil interaction with emerging oral pathogens: A novel view of the disease paradigm[J]. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2019, 1197: 165-178. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_12 pmid: 31732941

基因名称	引物序列(5'—3')
CXCL1	F:CTTGCCTCAATCCTGCATCCC R:GAACAGCCACCAGTGAGCTTC
CXCL2	F:CCAAACCGAAGTCATAGCCACA R:CTTCTGGTCAGTTGGATTTGCCAT
CXCL3	F:GCCCAAACCGAAGTCATAGCC R:CTCTCCTGTCAGTTGGTGCTC
CXCL5	F:CAGACCACGCAAGGAGTTCA R:TCTTCAGGGAGGCTACCACT
CXCL6	F:CCTGAAGAACGGGAAGCAAG R:AGAAAACTGCTCCGCTGAAG
CXCL8	F:TCAGAGACAGCAGAGCACAC R:GTTCTTTAGCACTCCTTGGCAAA
CXCL16	F:CTCCTGCTGGTGTACCTGAC R:AGGAGCTGGAACCTCGTGTA
TNF-α	F:CAGCCTCTTCTCCTTCCTGAT R:GCCAGAGGGCTGATTAGAGA
IL-1β	F:TACCTCTCCTGCGTGTTGAA R:TCTTTGGGTAATTTTTGGGATCT
IL-6	F:ACTCACCTCTTCAGAACGAATTG R:CCATCTTTGGAAGGTTCAGGTTG
CCL2	F:CCCCAGTCACCTGCTGTTAT R:CCACAATGGTCTTGAAGATCAC
GAPDH	F:CTTTGGTATCGTGGAAGGACTC R:GTAGAGGCAGGGATGATGTTC