The demand for adult orthodontic treatment is increasing, yet patients often face challenges such as prolonged treatment duration and elevated risks of periodontal complications. Periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics(PAOO), which combines corticotomy with bone grafting, leverages the regional acceleratory phenomenon(RAP) to shorten treatment time, improve the periodontal phenotype, reduce the risk of fenestration and dehiscence, and enhance post-orthodontic stability. This article systematically reviews the developmental history of PAOO and the characteristics of various surgical techniques, and summarizes the procedural workflow. Integrating evidence from the literature with clinical practice, we provide recommendations on key clinical decision-making issues, including indications, selection of bone graft materials, use of barrier membranes, timing of soft tissue augmentation and management of surgical complications, with the aim of informing the standardized clinical application of PAOO.

Objective To explore the correlation between the wear area of the four cusps of maxillary first molars and the height of functional/non-functional cusps of maxillary posterior dentition cusp, cusp inclination, wear area and contact area (including the maxillary first molar), in order to provide a scientific basis for artificial intelligence to predict the wear surface characteristics of maxillary first molars. Methods A total of 196 patients were included, with 784 upper posterior teeth (excluding third molars) analyzed. Based on intraoral scan data, the functional cusp/non-functional cusp height, cusp slope, wear area, and total tooth contact area were measured using Geomagic Qualify software. Independent sample t-tests were used to compare the differences in total wear area of the maxillary first molars between different genders. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to study the relationships between variables, and simple linear regression was used to examine the association between age and total wear area of the maxillary first molars. Based on this, variables that showed statistical significance in univariate analysis were used as independent variables, while the wear areas of the mesio-buccal cusp, disto-buccal cusp, mesio-lingual cusp, disto-lingual cusp, and total wear area of the maxillary first molar were used as dependent variables in multiple linear regression analyses. This allowed analysis of the effects of each influencing factor on the wear of individual cusps and the total wear area, and to build corresponding predictive models for wear area. Results Tooth wear increases with age, and there is no significant difference in wear between genders. The wear areas among the four cusps of the upper first molar are significantly related (P<0.05). The total wear area of the upper first molar is significantly related to the wear areas of the cusps of the upper first premolar, upper second premolar, and upper second molar (P<0.05), with the strongest correlation seen with the mesio-buccal cusp of the upper second molar (P<0.05). The buccal cusp slope of the upper first premolar is significantly negatively correlated with the total wear area of the upper first molar (P<0.05). The wear areas of the four cusps of the upper first molar are positively correlated with the occlusal contact areas of the upper first premolar, upper second premolar, and upper second molar (P<0.05), but the correlation is relatively weak. Conclusion According to the known wear data of the remaining teeth, the wear data of each cusp of the maxillary first molars can be obtained, and the corresponding mathematical model can be constructed to guide the occlusal analysis and reconstruction of the missing teeth before full crown restoration.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of inverse filtering for cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT) assessment in dental implantology and to establish a workflow integrating inverse filtering enhancement with CTAn-based bone microstructural analysis, so as to improve the accuracy of peri-implant bone tissue assessment. Methods CBCT data from 48 patients who underwent implant treatment between January 1, 2022 and December 31, 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. After preprocessing, images were restored using point spread function-based motion blur modeling and frequency-domain Wiener inverse filtering, followed by three-dimensional visualization. Pre- and post-processed images were imported into CTAn for three-dimensional microstructural analysis of peri-implant bone. Bone volume fraction(BV/TV), trabecular number(Tb.N), and structure model index(SMI) were measured. Results Compared with the original images, the processed CBCT images showed clearer peri-implant bone boundaries, trabecular architecture, and local high-density structures. CTAn analysis demonstrated significantly increased BV/TV and Tb.N, and significantly decreased SMI after processing(P<0.05). Conclusion Inverse filtering is feasible for postoperative CBCT assessment in dental implantology. It enables CBCT evaluation to extend from morphological observation to quantitative bone microstructural analysis, improving the assessment of peri-implant bone status and providing support for postoperative follow-up and individualized treatment.

Objective To investigate the effects of remineralization solutions with different calcium-to-phosphate ratios on the properties of the remineralized layer induced by phosphorylated polyamidoamine (P-PAMAM) dendrimers, to determine appropriate P-PAMAM mass concentrations and calcium-to-phosphate ratio, and to provide insights for the construction of an intraoral remineralization system. Methods Phosphoryl groups were used to modify PAMAM in vitro. The modification results were confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The mass concentration was screened by analyzing the ability of P-PAMAM to absorb hydroxyapatite(HAP) and its biocompatibility. Demineralized human enamel samples were prepared. The samples were divided into groups with remineralization conditions of 2∶1+P-P, 1.67∶1+P-P, 1.67∶1, 1∶1+P-P, and 0.5∶1+P-P. After 24 hours, 1 week, and 3 weeks of in vitro mineralization, the surface morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, the hardness of the remineralization layer was analyzed by micro Vickers hardness tester, and the crystal structure of the remineralization layer was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Results Under a calcium-to-phosphate ratio of 1.67∶1 and the mediation of 4 mg/mL P-PAMAM, a dense and smooth remineralized layer formed on the demineralized enamel surface after 1 week, with a crystal structure similar to that of natural HAP. After 3 weeks, the surface micro Vickers hardness of the enamel was significantly higher than that of the other groups(P<0.000 1), and the enamel surface hardness could be restored to the level of healthy enamel. Although the remineralized layer formed in the absence of P-PAMAM reached a certain thickness, the disordered growth of numerous crystals resulted in defects in surface morphology and micro Vickers hardness. Under a high calcium-to-phosphate ratio (2∶1), the remineralization layer induced by P-PAMAM tended to be disordered in the later stage, which limited the recovery of the surface morphology and mechanical properties of the enamel. A low calcium-to-phosphate ratio (1∶1, 0.5∶1) limited the induction effect of P-PAMAM, resulting in poor formation of the remineralization layer and an increase in the content of carbonated hydroxyapatite and amorphous calcium phosphate in the remineralization crystals. Conclusion P-PAMAM-mediated remineralization achieves optimal efficacy when the calcium-to-phosphate ratio in the mineralization solution is 1.67∶1. Increasing or decreasing the ratio may reduce its effectiveness.

Objective To investigate the promotion of the migration and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells by Capnocytophaga gingivalis(C. gingivalis) mediated by the interleukin-6(IL-6)/Janus kinase 2(JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) pathway. Methods SCC9 cells and nude mice were divided into the Control group, C. gingivalis group, and C. gingivalis+AG490 group. The CCK-8 method was used to detect cell viability in each group. Transwell assay was employed to determine the migration and invasion abilities of cells in each group. The tumorigenic ability in nude mice of each group was detected. HE staining was used to examine the histopathological changes in nude mouse tissues of each group, and Western blot was applied to detect the levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT) marker proteins(E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin) as well as IL-6, p-JAK2/JAK2, p-STAT3/STAT3 in cells and tissues of each group. Results Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that compared with the Control group, the protein level of E-cadherin in the C. gingivalis group decreased, while the protein levels of N-cadherin, Vimentin, IL-6, p-JAK2/JAK2, p-STAT3/STAT3 increased. Compared with the C. gingivalis group, the protein level of E-cadherin in the C. gingivalis+AG490 group increased, and the levels of the remaining proteins decreased(all P<0.05). In vitro experiments showed that compared with the Control group, the cell proliferation ability in the C. gingivalis group was increased significantly, and the number of migrative and invasive cells increased. Compared with the C. gingivalis group, the cell proliferation ability of the C. gingivalis+AG490 group decreased significantly, and the number of migrative and invasive cells decreased(all P<0.05). In vivo experiments showed that compared with the Control group, the tumor volume and weight of nude mice in the C. gingivalis group increased significantly, and HE staining showed that obvious hyperplasia and carcinogenesis occurred in the transplanted tumor tissue. Compared with the C. gingivalis group, the tumor volume and weight of nude mice in the C. gingivalis+AG490 group decreased significantly, and HE staining showed that carcinogenesis of the transplanted tumor tissue was alleviated(all P<0.05). Conclusion C. gingivalis promotes the migration and invasion of OSCC cells by activating the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Objective To explore the feasibility of using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to distinguish the saliva of patients with periodontitis from healthy people. Methods A total of 26 healthy volunteers and 26 periodontitis patients were enrolled as study subjects. General demographic data, periodontal clinical indices including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) positive sites were recorded. Saliva samples were collected for SERS analysis, followed by principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) on the acquired Raman spectra. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was also performed for combined analysis. Results There were statistically significant differences in PD, CAL, and percentage of BOP positive sites between the two groups (P<0.001). There were differences in the Raman peak intensities of substances such as glutathione, DNA, tryptophan, guanine, tyrosine, creatinine, creatine, thymine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and CH2 deformation between the two groups of saliva samples. PCA results indicated differences in SERS fingerprint characteristics between the two sample groups; OPLS-DA analysis demonstrated significant distinguishability between the two groups. The PCA-LDA model achieved distinguishing accuracy rates of 91.67% and 100.00% for the training and test sets of the healthy group, respectively, and 100.00% for the training and test sets of the periodontitis group, respectively. Conclusion The SERS combined with fingerprint analysis can effectively identify saliva samples from periodontitis patients, providing a novel approach for preliminary clinical screening of periodontitis.

Objective To investigate the effects of soft tissue augmentation procedures performed preoperatively and postoperatively on the health status of peri-implant soft tissues and the extent of bone resorption. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 9 implant patients (totaling 12 implants) treated at the Department of Stomatology, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing First Hospital) from August 2020 to January 2023. According to the timing of augmentation, the patients were divided into two groups: preoperative group (6 implants) with insufficient attached gingiva found before the first stage of implant surgery and completed the augmentation, and postoperative group (6 implants) with augmentation after the first stage of implant surgery or repair. The mucosal color, probing depth, bleeding on probing (BOP), and radiographic bone resorption around the implants were compared between the two groups. Results Patients in the preoperative group had mucosal color and morphology closer to normal gingival standards, with reduced probing depth and positiverate of BOP compared to the postoperative group(although the differences did not reach statistical significance, P>0.05). Radiographic examination revealed mild bone resorption in part of the preoperative group, while no significant bone resorption was observed in the postoperative group. Conclusion The timing of soft tissue augmentation surgery may influence the stability of soft tissues around dental implants.

Objective To investigate and evaluate the clinical efficacy of immediate alveolar ridge reconstruction for tissue defects in the maxillary aesthetic zone. Methods Thirty patients undergoing immediate implant placement and restoration of maxillary anterior teeth at the Department of Prosthodontics, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, between June 2021 and June 2023 were enrolled. They were divided into an intact group (with intact labial bone walls) and a defect group (with three-wall bone defects, buccal bone plate defect≤6 mm, not exceeding 1/2 of the root length). Both groups received guided implant placement with the implant neck platform positioned 3-4 mm apical to the labial gingival margin. In the intact group, Geistlich Bio-Oss^® bone graft was placed in the jumping gap, while the defect group received corticocancellous bilayer grafts harvested from the maxillary tuberosity or three-layer connective tissue grafts fixed at the labial defect site. The jumping gap in the defect group was filled with a 1∶1 mixture of Geistlich Bio-Oss^® and autogenous bone particles. Immediate provisionalization was performed in both groups. Permanent restoration was performed 6 months post-surgery. Implant survival rate at 6 months after final restoration was recorded. The pink esthetic score (PES) was assessed immediately post-surgery and at 6 months after final restoration. Alveolar ridge dimensional changes and the width of the buccal bone plate around the implants were measured. Results Implant survival rates were 100% in both groups. Immediately post-surgery, scores for mesial papilla, distal papilla, gingival contour, gingival height, soft tissue color, and soft tissue texture showed no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). However, the alveolar process deficiency score and total PES score were significantly higher in the intact group compared to the defect group (P<0.05). At 6 months after final restoration, all indicator scores and the total PES score were comparable between the two groups, with no significant differences (P>0.05). Both groups demonstrated bone resorption at sites W1-W5 between immediate and 6-month evaluations. Significant resorption differences were observed at W1, W2, and W3 (P<0.05), while W4 and W5 showed no significant changes (P>0.05). Labial bone width and variation at sites P1 and P2 showed no inter-group differences at any time point (P>0.05). Conclusion Compared to immediate implant placement in cases with intact labial bone walls, immediate alveolar ridge reconstruction effectively restores labial bone defects and achieves satisfactory aesthetic outcomes.

Objective To construct a three-dimensional finite element model of the cranio-maxillary complex combined with a palatal obturator in neonates with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate(UCCLP), and to evaluate the effects of different combinations of alveolar cleft closure distance and palatal obturator thickness on mucosal stress distribution and cleft closure efficiency. Methods Based on MDCT data, a three-dimensional finite element model incorporating the cranio-maxillary complex, cranial sutures, alveolar mucosa, and palatal obturator was established using Mimics 18.2, Geomagic Wrap 2021, and ANSYS 19.0. The geometries of key anatomical structures, including cranial sutures and dental germs, were reconstructed with reference to previous studies. Under consistent model geometry, material properties, boundary conditions, and contact settings, different combinations of alveolar cleft closure distance and palatal obturator thickness were simulated. The maximum von Mises stress in the alveolar mucosa and the cleft closure efficiency were calculated to analyze the regulatory relationship between thickness displacement parameters and stress efficiency outcomes. Results A patient-specific finite element model of the UCCLP neonatal cranio-maxillary complex with a palatal obturator was successfully established, demonstrating satisfactory mesh quality and good anatomical agreement with clinical morphology. The cleft closure efficiency increased with increasing palatal obturator thickness. However, the effect of palatal obturator thickness on the maximum von Mises stress in the alveolar mucosa was modulated by the magnitude of closure distance. Within a small range of movement distance, the stress in the 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm groups exhibited an overall trend of first decreasing and then increasing with increasing palatal obturator thickness, whereas the stress in the 1.0 mm group showed a fluctuating pattern of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing again. In contrast, under large displacement conditions, mucosal stress decreased continuously with increasing thickness, indicating a trade-off between thickness and displacement. Conclusion A three-dimensional finite element model of the UCCLP neonatal cranio-maxillary complex combined with a palatal obturator was successfully developed, providing a reliable computational framework for subsequent biomechanical investigations. The results suggest a coupled effect between palatal obturator thickness and alveolar cleft closure distance on the maximum von Mises stress in the alveolar mucosa and closure efficiency.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors of adjacent tooth root resorption caused by impacted supernumerary teeth in the mandibular premolar region. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 231 patients (with a total of 260 impacted supernumerary teeth). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were reconstructed three-dimensionally to analyze the factors associated with external root resorption of adjacent teeth. Results Among the 260 supernumerary teeth, root resorption of adjacent teeth was observed in 69 teeth, while no resorption was found in 191 teeth. Patient gender showed no significant correlation with root resorption. However, age, type of contact, three dimensional long-axis angle, and vertical position were significantly associated with root resorption. Conclusion Contact type, three-dimensional long-axis angle, vertical position, and age are independent risk factors for adjacent tooth root resorption induced by impacted supernumerary teeth in the mandibular premolar region, and should serve as important references for risk assessment and early intervention regarding supernumerary teeth in this area.

Oral cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the head and neck region, and its early diagnosis and effective treatment remain major clinical challenges. Conventional approaches such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy exhibit limited efficacy and are often accompanied by various complications, leading to poor prognosis, high mortality, or severely compromised quality of life in patients. Therefore, achieving early diagnosis and precise treatment is crucial for improving the prognosis of patients. Nanomaterials, by virtue of their unique physicochemical properties, offer novel strategies to overcome the limitations of traditional diagnostic and therapeutic methods. This review aims to systematically summarize the cutting-edge applications, key breakthroughs, and existing challenges of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer, with the goal of providing direction for future research.

The treatment paradigm for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC) has undergone fundamental changes since the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs). This article provides a systematic review of the latest advances in HNSCC immunotherapy. ICIs, represented by PD-1 inhibitors, have not only significantly prolonged the overall survival of patients with recurrent/metastatic HNSCC but have also expanded their application to the perioperative management of locally advanced disease, effectively improving pathological response rates and survival rates. Combination strategies(such as with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted therapy) have further enhanced efficacy through synergistic effects. Meanwhile, novel agents like bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates offer additional therapeutic options. However, HNSCC immunotherapy still faces challenges, including heterogeneous responses, complex resistance mechanisms, and the limited predictive power of existing biomarkers(e.g., PD-L1, tumor mutational burden). Future research should focus on developing precision stratification models based on multi-omics, optimizing combination strategies to overcome resistance, and actively exploring novel immunotherapeutic agents. In conclusion, immunotherapy has become a cornerstone of comprehensive HNSCC treatment, and its continuous evolution towards precision and multimodal approaches is expected to lay a more solid foundation for improving patient prognosis.