Immediate loading with provisional prostheses in edentulous patients enables full-arch functional restoration through the placement of 4 to 8 implants, significantly reducing the duration of tooth loss. This technique includes two main methods: postoperative intraoral impression-taking and preoperatively fabricated prostheses. The traditional splinted open-tray impression technique offers high accuracy but involves complex procedures, whereas digital impressions combined with stereophotogrammetry have improved both efficiency and patient comfort. The preoperative fabrication method relies on digital planning and a pick-up technique, which helps minimize intraoperative errors but requires strict adherence to preoperative data. The choice of technique should be individualized based on the patient’s anatomical conditions, occlusal stability, and available equipment. Digital workflows further enhance the precision and mechanical strength of the prostheses. Based on clinical experience, this review discusses key aspects of immediate provisional restoration in edentulous cases. Clinicians should maintain critical judgment when applying these techniques and select the most appropriate surgical and restorative methods according to each specific situation.

Objective To explore the differences and metabolic function in subgingival microbiome in Stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ periodontitis with and without uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods A total of 30 subjects with Stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ periodontitis were included in this study, including 15 cases of diabetes (DM) group and 15 cases of normal blood glucose (NDM) group. Basic information of the subjects was recorded and subgingival plaque was collected at periodontal pockets of probing depth (PD)≥ 5 mm before periodontal treatment. DNA was extracted to amplify the highly variable regions V3-V4 of 16S rRNA, and sequencing, bioinformatics and statistical analysis was performed on the constructed library. Results This study obtained a total of 2 252 397 high-quality sequences and 4 935 feature sequences. The species classification annotation included 18 phyla, 39 classes, 72 orders, 120 families, 274 genera, and 508 species. Alpha diversity analysis showed a significantly higher Shannon index in DM group. The β diversity analysis showed that there was a certain similarity in the microbial species composition between the two groups. At the phylum level, there was one significant difference in the microbial community between two groups, Chloroflexi, a non-dominant bacterium, while there was no significant difference between dominant bacteria. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Filifactor, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, and Tannerella was higher in the NDM group, while the relative abundance of Leptotrichia and Selenomonas was higher in the DM group. Functional prediction of subgingival microbiota revealed 26 significantly up-regulated metabolic pathways in the DM group. Conclusion In patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes combined with Stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ periodontitis, the subgingival plaque has more abundant microbial species, and the relative abundance of Leptotrichia and Selenomonas at the genus level is significantly higher, while the metabolic level is up-regulated.

Objective To investigate the biomechanical effects of implant-supported prostheses on natural adjacent teeth in the aesthetic zone and provide a reference for reducing the occurrence of proximal contact loss after implant restoration in the aesthetic zone. Methods A three-dimensional finite element model of the maxillary aesthetic zone with natural dentition was established as the control group (Group A), and a mixed dentition model including an implant-supported prosthesis at the right maxillary central incisor and its adjacent teeth was established as the experimental group (Group B). Finite element analysis software was used to calculate the differences in displacement direction and magnitude between the two groups under three different occlusal relationships. Results Under the same occlusal relationship, the physiological mobility of natural teeth was significantly greater than that of implant-supported prostheses. The total displacement of the natural adjacent teeth in Group B was greater than that of the corresponding teeth in Group A. Under different occlusal relationships, the right maxillary lateral incisor in Group A exhibited distal displacement, while the left maxillary central incisor exhibited mesial displacement. In Group B, both the right maxillary lateral incisor and the left maxillary central incisor exhibited distal displacement. Under occlusal loading, the gaps between the implant-supported prosthesis and the adjacent natural teeth in Group B were larger than the gaps between the right maxillary central incisor and its adjacent teeth in Group A. Conclusion Under the influence of occlusal forces, the implantation of the implant-supported prosthesis increases the total displacement amplitude of the natural adjacent teeth and affects the direction of their displacement, causing the natural teeth to tend to move away from the implant prosthesis. Occlusal factors are key determinants affecting the proximal contact relationship after implant restoration.

Objective To investigate the biological effects and antibacterial properties of TiO₂ nanotubes loaded baicalin-chitosan composite coating. Methods ①TiO₂ nanotubes were fabricated on the surface of titanium sheet and divided into four groups:TiO₂, TiO₂+BC, TiO₂+CS, TiO₂+BC+CS. The physicochemical properties of each group were detected by scanning electron microscope, surface contact angle and high performance liquid chromatography. ②BMSCs were co-cultured with titanium tablets of each group, and the effects of baicalin-chitosan composite coating on adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs were evaluated by CCK-8 adhesion proliferation test, live/dead cell staining, ALP activity detection, alizarin red S staining and cell mineralization quantitative detection. ③The titanium sheets of each group were co-cultured with S. aureus and E. coli, and the antibacterial properties of the coating were tested by zone of inhibition test, spread plate method and turbidimetric method. Results ①Under scanning electron microscope, it was observed that chitosan could cover the TiO₂ nanotubes and form a membrane-like structure on the surface. The contact angle test results showed that the contact angle of TiO₂+BC+CS group was larger than that of TiO₂ group (P<0.01), and the hydrophilicity was worse, but there was no difference with TiO₂+BC group (P>0.05). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that TiO₂+BC+CS group could delay the release of baicalin and achieve a slow release effect. ②BMSCs were co-cultured with titanium tablets of each group. The cell adhesion test showed that the number of cells in TiO₂+BC+CS group was higher than that in TiO₂ group at 4 h (P<0.05). CCK-8 proliferation detection showed that the cell proliferation rate of TiO₂+BC+CS group was faster than that of TiO₂+BC group and TiO₂+BC group at 7 days (P<0.05). The staining results of live/dead cells showed that there were a large number of green fluorescent live cells that attached to the surface of each group, and the cell morphology was similar. The ALP activity of TiO₂+BC and TiO₂+BC+CS groups was higher at 4 d, and the ALP activity of TiO₂+BC+CS group was the best at 7 d (P<0.05). The results of alizarin red S staining showed that TiO₂+BC+CS group had the most red particles and the color was darker. At 14 and 21 days, the cell mineralization level of TiO₂+BC+CS group was the highest (P<0.05). ③TiO₂+BC+CS group had obvious inhibition zone around it, and the turbidity of bacterial solution in TiO₂+CS group and TiO₂+BC+CS group was lower than that in TiO₂ group and TiO₂+BC group (P<0.05). Conclusion The baicalin-chitosan composite coating is beneficial to the early adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and has good antibacterial properties.

Objective To investigate the changes in bone mass in the edentulous and newly formed edentulous areas before and after switching orthodontic implantation sites in patients with congenital mandibular anterior teeth loss. Methods Fifteen patients with congenital loss of mandibular anterior teeth were selected for full mouth orthodontic treatment using MBT straight wire appliance. The mandibular lateral incisors were moved to the position of the missing central incisors, and CBCT was taken before and after treatment. The bone mass of the alveolar bone in the missing tooth area and the newly formed missing tooth area was measured. Results Compared with before treatment, the available alveolar bone width in the edentulous area increased at the level of the alveolar ridge crest and 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm below the alveolar ridge. There was no significant change in the height and width of the alveolar bone in the newly formed edentulous area, and the length of the tooth root was slightly absorbed. Conclusion Based on CBCT evidence, this study preliminarily explored the changes in bone mass in the edentulous area after switching orthodontic implant sites in the mandibular anterior region. Orthodontic treatment can effectively increase the bone mass in the edentulous area, confirming the clinical feasibility of switching orthodontic implant sites in the mandibular anterior region.

Objective To explore and compare the clinical effects of Er: YAG laser combined with Nd: YAG laser assisted non-surgical treatment of smoking and non-smoking patients with Stage Ⅲ Grade C periodontitis. Methods A total of 52 patients with Stage Ⅲ Grade C periodontitis who visited the Periodontology Department of Linyi People’s Hospital from March 2023 to May 2024 were selected. A total of 208 teeth were collected. The subjects were divided into four groups: smoker control group (SP group), smoker experimental group (ST group), non-smoker control group (NSP group), non-smoker experimental group (NST group). The control groups were treated with subgingival scaling and root planing, while the experimental groups were treated with Er: YAG laser combined with Nd: YAG laser assisted therapy on the basis of subgingival scaling and root planing. The plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL) were recorded at baseline, 1 month, and 6 months after treatment. Three hours after treatment, each patient used the visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess the level of discomfort experienced during the treatments. Results After 1 and 6 months of treatment, all periodontal indices were significantly reduced compared to those before treatment (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in PLI, GI changes among the groups (P>0.05). The PD and AL in the ST group and NST group were significantly lower than those in the SP group and NSP group, respectively (P<0.05), and the PD and AL in the NSP group and NST group were significantly lower than those in the SP group and ST group, respectively (P<0.05). After 3 h of treatment, there was no significant difference in VAS scores among the groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Erbium-neodymium dual-wavelength laser can serve as an adjunctive method for the basic treatment of smoking-related periodontitis patients, potentially facilitating the healing response in those patients after non-surgical treatment.

Objective To explore the effectiveness of stable occlusal splints in treating different types of temporomandibular joint disorders. Methods Patients with temporomandibular disorders who were treated in Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2021 to January 2024 were divided into two groups, myogenic group and arthrogenic group. The patients in both groups were treated with stable occlusal splint and were followed up at 1, 2, and 3 months after treatment.The temporomandibular function score, occlusal force distribution balance degree, occlusal time, occlusal separation time, pain index and mouth opening degree were evaluated and compared between the two groups. Statistical analysis was conducted using the t-test. Results Before treatment, there were no significant differences in temporomandibular function score, balance of occlusal force distribution, occlusal time, occlusal separation time, pain score, mouth-opening degree between the muscular group and the articular group(P>0.05). After treatment, temporomandibular function score, occlusal force distribution balance, occlusal time, occlusal separation time, pain score and mouth opening degree were improved in both groups compared with before treatment, and there were significant differences(P<0.05). Moreover, the temporomandibular function score, balance degree of occlusal force distribution, occlusal time, occlusal separation time, pain score and mouth opening degree of the arthrogenic group were significantly better than those of the musculogenic group after treatment(P<0.05). Conclusion The stabilization splint is effective in the treatment of TMD, and it is more effective in the treatment of articular TMD. The method is simple, safe and reliable.

Objective To analyze the efficacy of nitrous oxide/oxygen (N₂O/O₂) inhalation sedation in the root canal treatment of deciduous teeth in children with dental phobia, and explore the feasibility of refined drug delivery. Methods Thirty-seven patients who needed root canal treatment in pediatric dentistry were randomly selected, and the degree of dental fear was evaluated using the Frankl Behavior Scale before surgery. N₂O/O₂ sedation was used to assist in oral treatment. The compliance of the child with treatment was evaluated using the Houpt Behavior Scale after surgery and postoperative assessment was conducted. Results Twenty-five children in the mild to moderate fear group successfully completed oral treatment, with a success rate of 100%. There were 12 children in the severe fear group, and 10 of them successfully completed treatment, with a success rate of 83.3%. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.099). The maintenance concentration and maximum concentration of N₂O during surgery were significantly lower in the mild to moderate dental phobia group compared to the severe phobia group (P<0.05). Conclusion The oral treatment effect of N₂O/O₂ inhalation sedation is better in children with mild to moderate dental phobia. Preoperative assessment of anxiety status in pediatric patients can help to select N₂O concentration during treatment, achieving the goal of precise administration.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Er, Cr: YSGG laser-assisted treatment for peri-implantitis (PI) and to preliminarily explore the differences in the levels of inflammatory factors before and after treatment. Methods This study included 19 patients with peri-implantitis, involving a total of 22 implants, which were randomly divided into three groups. The SRP group received subgingival debridement with a titanium scaler; the SRPL1 group underwent subgingival debridement followed by 1.5 W Er, Cr: YSGG laser-assisted treatment; and the SRPL2 group received subgingival debridement followed by 2.0 W Er, Cr: YSGG laser-assisted treatment. Clinical parameters, including probing depth (PD), modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI), and modified plaque index (mPLI), were recorded and compared before treatment and 1 and 3 months post-treatment. Peri-implant sulcular fluid was collected for ELISA detection of inflammatory factors, including interleukin (IL)-17, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and IL-1ra, and the correlations between clinical parameters and inflammatory factors were analyzed. Pain levels were recorded using the visual analogue scale (VAS) at 2 h after treatment. Results All three groups showed significant improvement in PD and mSBI at post-treatment compared to pre-treatment values (P<0.05). However, there was no significant improvement in mPLI, and no differences were observed among the groups (P>0.05). At 1 month post-treatment, both the SRPL1 and SRPL2 groups had significantly lower PD and mSBI values than the SRP group (P<0.05), but no statistically significant difference was found between the SRPL1 and SRPL2 groups (P>0.05). At 3 months post-treatment, only PD was significantly lower in the SRPL1 and SRPL2 groups compared to the SRP group (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the two groups (P>0.05). One and three months post-treatment, IL-17 and VEGF levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05). At 1 month post-treatment, compared to the SRP group, the SRPL1 and SRPL2 groups showed a significant decrease in IL-17 and VEGF levels (P<0.05) and a significant increase in IL-1ra levels (P<0.05). At 3 months post-treatment, no significant differences were observed among the three groups (P>0.05). PD were positively correlated with IL-17 and VEGF (P<0.05), while IL-1ra was negatively correlated with PD and mSBI (P>0.05). The VAS scores were significantly higher in the SRP group compared to the SRPL1 and SRPL2 groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Er, Cr: YSGG laser-assisted SRP treatment for peri-implantitis demonstrates excellent clinical outcomes, including improvements in clinical parameters, regulation of inflammatory factor levels, and reduced postoperative pain. The levels of IL-17, VEGF, and IL-1ra in peri-implant sulcular fluid can provide valuable information for the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of peri-implantitis.

Objective To develop and evaluate a fixed-removable simultaneous prosthetic strategy for Kennedy Class Ⅰ and Ⅱ dentition defect based on the target restoration space (TRS) concept. Methods A virtual patient was created using intraoral scans, CBCT, and facial scans. Under TRS guidance, zirconia crowns, removable implant overdentures, and surgical guides were simultaneously designed. CAD/CAM technology enabled precise fabrication. The proposed treatment was applied to an 82-year-old patient, with a three-year follow-up to evaluate the periodontal condition, prosthesis adaptation, recovery of oral and maxillofacial function, and occurrence of complications. Results A fixed-removable simultaneous prosthetic strategy has been constructed. The protocol reduced follow-up visits to 7 and shortened treatment time to 7.25 months. Despite the delayed tooth extraction against medical advice, the treatment showed a favorable tolerance range. Clinically, the prosthesis had precise marginal fit, and the Locator implant overdenture provided stable retention, resulting in reliable occlusal restoration. At 3 years, OHIP-14 score dropped from 31 to 6, VAS satisfaction was 96, and no complications occurred. Conclusion This TRS-based strategy improves efficiency, reduces clinical burden, and offers a reliable solution for complex edentulous cases in senior patients.

Periodontitis is a chronic destructive disease that invades the gums and periodontal tissues, and the pathogenic bacteria of periodontitis can infect multiple tissues and organs through blood, and are the causative agents of a variety of systemic diseases. A large number of studies have shown that periodontitis during the third trimester of pregnancy is highly correlated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, with infection and inflammation as important causes. This article reviews the role and mechanism of inflammatory factors in periodontitis in the third trimester of pregnancy and adverse outcomes of pregnancy.

Rare earth elements, also known as rare earth metals, are a collective term for a series of metal elements in the Earth’s crust, covering 15 lanthanide elements as well as scandium and yttrium. Due to their high electrovalence, active chemical properties, and unique optical, electrical, and magnetic properties, rare earth elements have been widely used in multiple fields such as medical treatment, chemical engineering, and superconductivity. Periodontitis is an inflammatory and destructive disease that disrupts bone balance by triggering an inflammatory response,eventually leading to tooth loss. This article first introduces the antibacterial effect, bone repair effect, antioxidant stress effect, and anti-inflammatory effect of lanthanide elements, and then discusses whether rare earth elements can be used for the treatment of oral periodontitis and peri-implantitis, with the ultimate goal of providing theoretical support for the clinical application of lanthanide elements.

Oral cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies, with approximately 90% of cases being oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC), which exhibits rapid growth, strong infiltrative ability, high recurrence rates, and a propensity for metastasis, posing a severe threat to human health. Emerging evidence indicates that aberrant activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway is closely associated with the pathogenesis and progression of OSCC. This article delves into the multifaceted regulatory roles of the NF-κB signaling pathway in OSCC, encompassing its influence on inflammatory responses, cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Furthermore, it analyzes the therapeutic strategies and drug development prospects for OSCC treatment with the NF-κB signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target.

Infrared thermal imaging technology is a kind of sensing technology without physical contact. Its basic principle is that infrared thermal radiation detection technology can be used to draw the thermal image distribution map of human surface, which can indirectly reveal the metabolic activity state of tissues and blood circulation. This paper summarizes the application progress of infrared thermal imaging technology in preoperative vascular location, intraoperative blood supply monitoring, postoperative blood supply assessment, complications and auxiliary examination of oral cancer skin flap transplantation, analyzes the combination progress of infrared thermal imaging technology with other technologies and the application effect of infrared imaging technology in different skin flaps, explores the limitations of infrared thermal imaging technology in oral cancer skin flap transplantation during perioperative period and puts forward the development prospect, aiming at providing reference for further improvement of infrared thermal imaging technology in oral cancer skin flap transplantation in the future.