ObjectiveTo explore the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the biological activity and inflammatory response of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).MethodsThe effects of DHA on cell viability, cell morphology and cell cycle were observed by living and dead cell staining, fluorescent staining and flow cytometry, respectively. After pretreated with DHA, HGFs were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonasgingivalis (P. gingivalis) or with heat- inactivated P. gingivalis. Then the gene and protein expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and IL-1β was detected by quantitative PCR and ELISA, respectively. The effect of DHA on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene and protein expression was also observed by quantitative PCR and western blot, respectively. Results200 μmol/L DHA reduced the cell activity of HGFs, but 100 μmol/L DHA had no effect on cell viability and morphology, and had no significant effect on cell cycle (P>0.05); DHA inhibited the expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β mRNA and IL-6, IL-8 protein induced by P. gingivalis LPS or heat- inactivated P. gingivalis in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05); DHA significantly induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression (P<0.05).ConclusionDHA significantly inhibited the inflammatory response of HGFs without affecting the biological activity. The anti-inflammatory effect may be related to the induction of HO-1.

　Objective　 Objective to study the effect of Radix Paeoniae Rubra extract on Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n) and Actinobacillus actinomycetes (A.a) antibacterial activity of three periodontal pathogenic bacteria, and the potential molecular mechanism and pharmacological activity of Radix Paeoniae Rubra in the prevention and treatment of chronic periodontitis (CP) were studied by network pharmacology method. Methods　 The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of three periodontal pathogens were determined by multiple dilution method. Tcmsp database was used to obtain chemical components and action targets of Radix Paeoniae Rubra, genecards and other databases were used to obtain CP disease targets, and Wayne analysis was used to take intersection. The component-target-disease of Radix Paeoniae Rubra for prevention and treatment of CP was constructed by Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. The protein protein interaction network （PPI network） was constructed by STRING database, and the enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was carried out. Results　 The MIC of Radix Paeoniae Rubra extract against P.g, F.n, A.a were 2.0, 4.0 and 4.0 g / L respectively, and MBC were 4.0, 8.0 and 8.0 g / L, respectively. 29 active components, 2132 disease targets and 89 intersection targets were obtained. The main active components of CP treated by Radix Paeoniae Rubra are Baicalin, ellagic acid, and so on. The key targets include Interleukin-6 (IL-6) etc. By GO enrichment analysis, 126 GO items were obtained, such as protein isomerization activity etc. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that there were 110 pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway. Conclusions　 The crude extract of Radix Paeoniae Rubra has different degrees of antibacterial activity against three kinds of periodontal pathogenic bacteria. It is preliminarily expounded that the main active components, action targets and related pathways of Radix Paeoniae Rubra have important research value in the treatment of CP, which provides reference and reference for further expanding the clinical application of Radix Paeoniae Rubra.

Objective To investigate the effects of Asperosaponin Ⅵ on osteogenic differentiation of mouse myoblasts. Methods The concentrations of Asperosaponin Ⅵ were 1×10-3–1×10-8 mol/L. Cell counting kit 8 was used to detect the cytotoxicity and proliferation ability of Asperosaponin Ⅵ on mouse myoblasts. The optimal concentration of ALP was determined by alkaline phosphatase activity analysis. Finally, Western blot analysis, real-time quantitative PCR and alizarin red staining were used to observe the effect of osteogenic differentiation. Results The results showed that 1×10-3、1×10-4 mol/L Asperosaponin Ⅵ had obvious toxic effects on mouse myoblasts (P<0.01), while 1×10-5–1×10-8mol/L had no obvious effect on cell proliferation. It was also shown that 1×10-6mol/L Asperosaponin Ⅵ significantly promoted the osteogenic differentiation of mouse myoblasts (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the mRNA and protein expressions of ALP, Runx2, Ocn and col1 α 1 in the concentration of 1×10-6 mol/L Asperosaponin Ⅵ were significantly increased (P<0.05), and alizarin red staining also showed more calcium nodules. Conclusion 1×10-6mol/L Asperosaponin Ⅵ can significantly promote the osteogenic differentiation of mouse myoblasts, but has no obvious effect on its proliferation.

Objective To evaluate the effects of two different cements on shear bond force of resin crown and all ceramic brackets. Methods Two kinds of cements, Transbond XT and RelyX Ultimate, were used to bond Inspire Ice with four kinds of resin crown restoration materials. The fracture load (N) was measured after 5,000 thermal cycles, and the fracture surface was observed. Results The results of one-way ANOVA, F= 4.52 (P < 0.001), showed that adhesive conditions had a significant effect on the shear adhesive force of ceramic brackets and resin crowns. Among them, Lava Ultimate+Transbond XT group (325.10 ± 135.54) N and Lava Ultimate+ RelyX Ultimate+ bracket sandblasting group (304.71 ± 35.71) N were higher than those of other groups, and Lava Ultimate + Transbond XT + bracket sandblasting group was the lowest (118.12 ± 57.58) N. Conclusion The shear bond force of the resin based ceramic material Lava Ultimate and ceramic bracket is higher than that of the temporary crown material. When the ceramic bracket is not sandblasted, there is no significant difference in the adhesive force between the orthodontic cement Transbond XT and the prosthodontic cement RelyX Ultimate. After sandblasting, the ceramic bracket loses the retention ball, and the RelyX Ultimate has a higher adhesive force.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of docosahexaenoic acid on macrophage inflammation induced by Porphyromonas gingivlis (P.g) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods The cytotoxicity of DHA on RAW264.7 induced by P.g-LPS was tested by CCK-8 method. The P.g-LPS and RAW264.7 cells were cultured for 24 h to simulate the microenvironment of inflammation in vitro, then the culture medium containing DHA was replaced for 24 hours. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA in RAW264.7 cells were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the cell supernatant was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by DCFH-DA method. Results 1mg/L P.g-LPS had no toxicity on RAW264.7 cells. DHA concentration above 100 μmol/L showed significant toxicity on RAW264.7 cells stimulated by P.g-LPS (P＜0.05). The mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in the P.g-LPS group were significantly higher than those in the negative control group (P＜0.05). DHA of 25, 50 and 75 μmol/L reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 mRNA and the synthesis of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 (P＜0.05). The production of ROS in P.g-LPS group increased; 25, 50, 75 μmol/L DHA reduced the production of ROS (P＜0.05); the inhibition degree was concentration-dependent. Conclusion DHA can effectively inhibit the inflammatory response of macrophages induced by P.g-LPS.

Abstract: Objective　To evaluate the physicochemical and sealing properties of silver and zinc incorporated mesoporous calcium-silicate nanoparticles (Ag-Zn-MCSNs) as a canal sealer. Methods The pH values, solubility and flow values of MCSNs, Ag-MCSNs, Zn-MCSNs, Ag-Zn-MCSNs(Ag:Zn=1:1, molar ratio) and AH-Plus were measured. MCSNs, Ag-MCSNs, Zn-MCSNs, Ag-Zn-MCSNs and AH-Plus were used as canal sealers and prepared permanent teeths of single-canal root were obturated using warm vertical compaction technique. Enterococcus faecails (ATCC 29212) leakage test was used to evaluate the sealing properties and Micro-CT was used to calculate the percentage of voids within canals. Results The solution of four groups was strongly alkaline. They had lower solubility and higher flow values (P <0.05). Ag-MCSNs group had least leaked samples(25%), followed by Ag-Zn-MCSNs and AH-Plus groups(35%), while MCSNs group had most leaked samples(50%)(P>0.05). All experimental groups showed low ratios of voids after obturation on average 2.09% (P＞0.05), which had the largest values in the apical sections, followed by the middle and coronal sections (P＜0.05). Conclusions　MCSNs paste possessed good fluidity and Ag-MCSNs, Ag-Zn-MCSNs could reduce E.faecalis leakage, which showed good sealing properties.

Abstract: Objective to explore the correlations between the changes of upper-airway and mandible in adolescents patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion and mandibular retrusion treated with Twin-block functional appliance. Methods.40 cases of adolescent with Class II division 1 malocclusion and mandibular retrusion received Twin-block treatment were selected as the study group whereas 20 adolescents with skeletal Class II did not receive treatment or wearing vestibular shield were serve as the control group.The CBCT was taken before and after treatment in the study group while the two CBCT test of the control group were finished within 1 year approximately.The changes of upper-airway and mandibular were measured by using Dolphin software. SPSS 18.0 software package was used for Pearson correlation analysis. Results There was no significant correlation between the changes of mandible position and the upper airway (P > 0.05).The changes of mandibular length (r = 0.351), mandibular body length (r = 0.382), anterior facial height (r = 0.355) and posterior facial height (r = 0.321) were significantly correlated with the change of the lateral diameter of velopharynx(P < 0.05). Conclusion Twin-block appliance treatment can promote the growth and development of mandible and increase the lateral diameter of velopharyngeal to enlarge the volume of the upper airway in adolescent.

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in alveolar bone of patients of skeletal Ⅲ malocclusion with different vertical facial types through measuring alveolar bone area around root, apical alveolar bone thickness and alveolar crest height in incisors’ region basing on CBCT data. Methods 110 CBCT scans of skeletal Ⅲ malocclusion with different vertical facial types were selected. Patients were categorized into three groups based on vertical facial types (GOGN-SN and FHI): long-face group (23 patients), average-face group (51 patients) and short-face group (36 patients). Buccal and lingual alveolar bone area around root (BA/LA), buccal and lingual alveolar bone thickness (BW/LW) at apical region and buccal and lingual height of alveolar crest (BH/LH) were measured and used for statistical analysis. Results In long-face group, BA and BW were significantly smaller than those in average-face group and short-face group (P＜0.001), and LW was largest among three groups (P＜0.001). BA and BW were negatively correlated with GOGN-SN, but positively correlated with FHI. LW were positively correlated with GOGN-SN, but negatively correlated with FHI. Conclusions There are differences in the amount of alveolar bone around root in the upper and lower incisors’ region in patients of skeletal Ⅲ malocclusion with different vertical-facial types. Long-face patients with skeletal Ⅲ malocclusion have smaller buccal alveolar bone area of root, smaller buccal alveolar bone thickness at apex and bigger lingual alveolar bone thickness at apex in upper and lower incisor’s region. These differences are significantly correlated with the mandibular plane angle and face-height-ratio.

Objective To evaluate the effect of maxillary bite plate combined with screw expander appliance correcting anterior crossbite. Methods 20 cases of anterior crossbite caused by maxillary anterior arch hypoplasia in deciduous or mixed dentition were treated with maxillary bite plate with screw expander appliance. Computerized cephalometric analysis was carried out. Wilcoxon igned-rank test was performed. Results Anterior crossbite was corrected in all patients after 5 months’ treatment. SNA, SNPr, U1-NA, U1-PNS, the arch length and the Wits value were increased significantly (P <0.05). Conclusion Maxillary bite plate with screw expander appliance could correct anterior crossbite, promote maxillary base bone and increase dental arch effectively.

Objective　 To analyze the craniofacial characteristics in the deviated side and the non-deviated side of skeletal Class Ⅲ adults with translation-dominant type (T-type) facial asymmetries using cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT). Methods　 Thirty-one skeletal Class Ⅲ adult patients with T-type facial asymmetries, 10 males, 21 females, 20.58±3.31 years old, were included. CBCT scanner was used to obtain DICOM data from the patients before treatment. Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed with Mimics 21.0 software. Teeth, maxilla and mandible were selected for measurement. And the results were statistically analyzed with SPSS 22.0. Results　 The torque of first molar and the distances from UP, UF, Mx, LC, LF, LW, Go and Ag to the craniomaxillary median sagittal plane (CMSP) on the deviated side were greater than those of the non-deviated side (P < 0.05), while the distances from LF, LW, Go and Ag to the FHP and CP were all smaller on the deviated side (P < 0.05). The lengths of condyle unite, mental unit, condyle, mandibular body and the height of mandibular ramus on the deviated side were all smaller than those on the opposite side (P < 0.05). Conclusion　 There are horizontal compensations of teeth and basal bones in the upper jaw of these patients. The position of the mandible is more upward, outward and backward on the deviated side when the reference planes are based on cranial-maxillary complex. Condylar unit and mental unit may play a role in the asymmetric growth of mandibular body.

Objective To assess the accuracy in the immediate rehabilitation of maxillary Brown II defects with prosthesis using a 3D printing osteotomy template. Methods Eight patients with Brown Ⅱ maxilla defect caused by tumor were treated. 3D printing osteotomy template and prosthesis were designed and fabricated before surgery. The immediate rehabilitation was performed under the guidance of osteotomy template with prosthesis. The postoperative three-dimensional images and the preoperative virtual images were superimposed, and average deviation and maximum deviation of entire and local regions were calculated. The software of SPSS 23.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results No recurrence was found in 8 patients during follow-up. The maximum deviation between the actual and virtual surgery was （5.26±0.58） mm, with an average of （1.10±0.25）mm. No significant difference between the actual and virtual surgery was found among entire and local regions (P > 0.05). Conclusion The precise rehabilitation of maxillary Brown II defects can be achieved using a prosthesis fabricated with an osteotomy template. The immediate rehabilitation of maxillary Brown II defects with prosthesis has achieved good clinical results, which provides a guarantee for the immediate rehabilitation and reconstruction of maxilla.

Objective　 To obtain the theoretical condyle distance (TCoD) which was applied to determine the width of the mandible in mandibular reduction and reconstruction through three-dimensional measurement and analysis of jaw anatomical landmarks. Methods　 The archived CBCT images of 100 cases of normal jaws were imported into mimics to establish jaw model. Then 6 bony landmarks were marked, and 12 linear and angular variables were measured. The data were statistically analyzed via Spss software to obtain parameters for mandibular reduction and reconstruction. The feasibility was verified by a retrospective analysis of 10 cases of mandibular fracture. And it was used to guide 1 case of mandibular fracture reduction in the clinic. Results　 The discrepancy in angle variables of different genders and individuals was usually smaller than the length variable, and the COV in ramus height and gonial angle was the largest. However, there was a high degree of consistency between fossa distance (FoD) and condyle distance (CoD). The FoD was equal to CoD (P＞0.05) in patients under 50 years old. There was a linear relationship between fossa distance (FoD) and condyle distance (CoD) (P＜0.05), so patients above 50 years old could obtain the TCoD through correction. Through retrospective analysis of 10 fracture patients, compared with FoD, the theoretical condyle distance was closer to the postoperative condyle distance. On an edentulous patient with a comminuted mandibular fracture, preoperative virtual surgery was performed. The reduction and reconstruction of the mandible was guided and verified via TCoD, and satisfactory results were obtained. Conclusions　 TCoD can be used as an ideal parameter for determining the width of the mandible.

As a surgical method, corticotomyassisted orthodontics can accelerate tooth movement in a safe and effective way during orthodontic treatment, which has important clinical significance for healthy orthodontics. How to effectively accelerate tooth movement under minimally invasive conditions is one of the current clinical hot spots. This article reviews the origin, clinical progress, biological basis of orthodontic tooth movement and the mechanism of corticotomyaccelerated orthodontics.

The efficiency of molar distalization with clear aligner is the highest in all types of tooth movements. However, it is easy to bring problems of molar distal tipping and the loss of anchorage. This article reviews the indications, clinical efficacy, efficiency of molar distalization and anchorage design of invisible orthodontic and provides reference for the clinical practice.

In recent years, the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has been higher and higher, and the etiology is elusive. Tracking the mandibular movements can diagnose and analyze the motor ability and coordination of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and it is widely used in orthodontics, in the process of rehabilitation and surgical treatment, which offers essential reference values for the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of temporomandibular disorders.

Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease, usually accompanied by local or systemic inflammatory mediators fluctuation or immune environment disorders. It is clinically related to a variety of systemic diseases. Premature rupture of membranes is a kind of disease with amniotic membrane infection as the main factor, and the destruction of membrane collagen and the weakening and rupture of membrane as the final outcome. In recent years, researchers have found a certain correlation between periodontitis and premature rupture of membranes, but the specific mechanism is unclear. Therefore, this article collects and summarizes a variety of factors related to them, such as microorganisms, inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress, in order to provide some reference for researches on the mechanism of their correlation. 

Keratin (K), a member of the middle filament family of cytoskeletal proteins, is mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Keratin has various biological functions. It not only can maintain the integrity of epithelial cells, but also plays important roles in the development and progression of inflammation and tumor diseases by regulating epithelial cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration and immune inflammatory responses. Therefore, it has become a molecular marker and therapeutic target for early diagnosis and prognosis judgment of various inflammatory and tumor diseases. In recent years, the research of keratin in oral diseases has gradually increased. This article reviews the biological functions of keratin and its research progress in oral diseases.

The initial stability and marginal bone level of implants are closely related to surrounding osseointegration, which is a key factor for achieving a higher survival rate and success rate in clinical diagnosis and treatment. The morphological and structural design of dental implants includes the external shape, neck design, screw thread and groove design, diameter and length, and the connection method with the abutment. These elements can have different effects on the initial stability and the marginal bone level, thereby affecting the overall stability of the implantbone interface. This article reviews the progress of research on the morphological and structural design of dental implants, and provides a reference for clinicians in the selection of suitable implants.