Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of farnesol on mixed biofilm of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Methods The mixed biofilms of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis were formed on flat-bottom 96-well microtiter plates and two study groups(24 and 48 Group) were noted, than respectively incubated in the RPMI 1640 with different concentration of farnesol (100-800μmol/L) for 24 hours. The XTT reduction assay was employed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of farnesol to the mixed biofilms. Biofilms morphology was observed by inverted microscope. The antibacterial effect of farnesol on the mixed biofilm of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis was observed under confocal laser scanning microscope. Results Farnesol (100-800μmol/L) has inhibitory effect on mixed biofilm of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis, and the inhibitory effect increased with the increase of farnesol concentration. The sessile minimum inhibitory concentration 50% (SMIC50，sessile minimum inhibitory concentration 50%) of farnesol was 150μmol/L for 24 hours and 200μmol/L for 48 hours. Conclusion Farnesol can inhibit the growth of mixed biofilm of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. The inhibitory potency of farnesol was related to its concentration and the phase of biofilms, and high concentration of farnesol was more effective than that of low concentration .

Objective　To investigate the effect of disulfiram combination with cooper (DSF-Cu) on the apoptosis of Cal-27 cells and its relation with optic atrophy 1 (OPA1). Methods　The Cal-27 cells were treated with various concentrations of DSF-Cu. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assays. The apoptosis rate was analyzed by flow cytometry. The protein expression level of OPA1 was detected by western blotting. Results As compared with control group, DSF-Cu decreased the number of viable cells．Flow cytometric analysis showed an increase in the incidence of apoptosis. What’s more, the content of ATP was decreased significantly. Western blot results showed the expression of OPA1 was markedly decreased in high and medium concentration group, but no significant change in low concentration group. Conclusions　DSF-Cu can induce apoptosis of Cal-27 cells, which may be achieved by inhibiting the expression of OPA1.

Objective To assess the effects of different surface treatments on the bonding strength between titanium and resin cements. Methods A total of 56 commercially pure grade Ⅱ titanium specimens (?=10 mm, h=3 mm) were manufactured by CAD/CAM and randomly separated into 7 groups (n=8）. Then different surface treatments were applied: control group without any surface treatment (Group A), sandblasting by 50 μm Al2O3 particles (Group B) , application of coupling agents (Group C), application of metal primer (Group D), sandblasting by 50 μm Al2O3 particles and application of coupling agents (Group E), sandblasting by 50 μm Al2O3 particles and application of metal primer (Group F), sandblasting by 50 μm Al2O3 particles and application of coupling agents + metal primer (Group G). Thereafter, the shear bond strength (SBS) and failure mode were tested and analyzed. The data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD（?=0.05). Results The results showed that all the experimental groups had higher SBS values when compared to the control group, while group F showed the highest SBS, (20.9±4.3) MPa, and had no statistical difference with group G (P<0.05). But there were significant differences between groups F, G and other groups, groups B, D and groups A, C. The interfacial failure mode and mixed failure mode were observed in all the experimental groups. Conclusion Proper surface treatments are beneficial to increasing the bonding strength, especially when the combination of mechanical and chemical surface treatments is applied.

Objective To compare and evaluate the difference of mechanical sensitivity mapping in the orofacial regions of the painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients and healthy individuals with a quantitative palpometer. Methods Eighty TMD patients with pain in the unilateral masseter muscle or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) regions and 40 healthy controls were involved into this study. Both groups were palpated by quantitative palpometer on their bilateral masseter muscle and TMJ regions. Numerical rating scale (NRS)（0-50-100）was used to evaluate the pressure pain sensitivity of TMD patients and healthy control in test points. Shannon Entropy and Center of gravity (COG) were also calculated to compare the difference of mechanical sensitivity mapping in TMD patients and healthy control. Data were analyzed with Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to find the difference of NRS score, Entropy and COG coordinates values over gender and test sides. Three-way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference of NRS score over gender, test site and test point within groups. Results The difference of Entropy in TMD patients were statistically significant on their pain side and healthy side (masseter muscle: P＜0.001; TMJ: P=0.006). TMD patients tend to have significant higher NRS scores in their painful side compared with their healthy side (masseter muscle: P＜0.001,TMJ: P＜0.001), but no significant difference of entropy and NRS scores were found in control (P≥0.071). Conclusion Significant differences of NRS scores and Entropy value of TMD patients’ pain side and healthy side indicate that mechanical sensitivity mapping with a simple quantitative palpometer can be used as an auxiliary tool to help professionals distinguish TMD patients from normal person, and it can also be used as an indicator to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment in TMD patients.

Object To evaluate the maxillomandibular transverse basal discrepancies and dental arch discrepancies in the first molar area, and to compare values between skeletal Class III malocclusion and Class I normal occlusion groups. Methods CBCT scans of 30 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and 30 with Class I normal occlusion were evaluated. Basal bone width were measured as the distance between zygomatic arch point for the maxilla and for the mandible measured between the most buccal point on the cortical plate opposite the mandible first molars at the level of the center of resistance. Dental arch width were measured as the distance between the right and left fovea of the first molars using dental casts. Independent-sample t tests were used with SPSS(version 22). Results by comparing the skeletal Class III groups and the Class I normal occlusion groups ,the maxillary basal bone width, the mandibular basal bone width, the maxillomandibular basal bone discrepancies showed significant difference (P<0.05) with skeletal Class III groups (63.96±3.78mm) smaller than Class I normal occlusion groups （65.67±2.76mm）, skeletal Class III groups (62.26±3.12mm) bigger than Class I normal occlusion groups （60.29±3.15mm）, skeletal Class III groups (2.31±2.41mm) smaller than Class I normal occlusion groups（5.38±1.24mm）respectively. In the contrast, there was no significant difference in the dental arch width (P>0.05). Conclusion Skeletal Class III malocclusion groups tend to show maxillomandibular transverse basal bone disharmony and compensatory inclination.

Objective　To evaluate the clinical effect and absorption rule of alveolar ridge reconstructed by autologous bone blocks and deproteinized bovine bone covered by absorbable membrane with outer oblique line or chin as a donor site, and to provide references for clinical operation. Methods A total of 10 patients who were diagnosed with severe alveolar ridge defects by cone beam CT and needed bone augmentation before implant insertion were selected during the period from July 2018 to September 2019. Guided bone regeneration was carried out with mandibula external oblique line or chin as a donor site. Complications were recorded postoperatively. CBCT was taken pre-operation, immediately post-operation and before implant insertion. The width of the top, middle and base of the alveolar ridge were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23.0. Results All of the 10 patients successfully underwent the operation of bone harvesting and grafting. There was no discomfort such as dizziness or headache and no local numbness or abnormal feeling in 2 cases of chin osteotomy postoperatively. One patient (2 sites) underwent bone graft exposure. The exposure rate was 9.52%, and the other sites healed uneventfully before the implant placement. The actual bone increment at the top, middle and base of alveolar ridge were 3.93 ± 1.80mm, 3.90 ± 1.60mm and 2.89 ± 1.43mm, respectively. The increment effect was obvious. The ratio of incremental bone resorption was 28.0 (28.26) %, 17.1 (22.35) % and 10 (18.9) %, respectively. There was a significant difference in bone resorption rate among the three groups (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in absorptivity between the top of alveolar ridge and the base of alveolar ridge (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the absorption rate among the other groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion The absorption rate at the top of alveolar ridge is significantly higher than the base when guided bone regeneration is carried out by oral autogenous bone blocks combined with deproteinized bovine bone matrix, suggesting that we should pay more attention to increase the bone volume at the top of alveolar ridge in clinical operation.

Objective: To investigate the anatomical morphology of root and root canal system of deciduous molars in Shanghai area by using cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT), for better clinical diagnosis. Methods: CBCT images of 167 cases (age from 4 to 7) were selected randomly. To measure the number of roots, teeth-length and to analysis canal configurations statistically. Results:①Three roots accounted for 50.30% and double roots were 47.59% in maxillary first deciduous molar. Three roots of maxillary second deciduous molars were highest (99.37%). The mandibular first and second deciduous molar roots were double roots (91.48%、72.95%). ②Palatal root teeth-length of maxillary primary molars was higher than that of buccal roots. There was no significant difference between mesial and distal root tooth length in mandibular first deciduous molars and the mesial root tooth length was longer than that of distal root in mandibular second deciduous molars. ③The number of root canals in maxillary first deciduous molar were mostly three canals (97.59%). The incidence rate of three and four canals, in maxillary deciduous second molars, were 87.13% and 12.27%. The canal curvature of maxillary deciduous molars had type I, type II, type III and type IV, with type I being the majority. ④ In mandibular first deciduous molars, 41.96% of the cases were found to have three canals, of which 39.10% have two canals in mesial canal and 60.90% have two canals in distal canal, four canals were 39.75%, and double canals were 18.30%. The majority of mandibular second deciduous molars were four canals (83.28%). The canal types in mandibular deciduous molars were mainly type I and type IV. Conclusion: The anatomical structure of canal system is of diversity and complication in deciduous molars. The canal structure variation rate of maxillary second and mandibular first deciduous molars were higher than that of else deciduous molars, with CBCT good for diagnosis.

Objective　 The purpose of this study was to present and assess the accuracy of guided endodontic microsurgery with 3D-printed template. a novel approach of periapical microsurgery, based on the application of templates produced using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology. Methods　20 patients suffered from the failure of root canal therapy in our hospital were chosen. Periapical microsurgery were performed on all 20 patients, randomly assigned into two groups, . Guiding template fabricated by computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology was used in the study group after virtual surgical planning and simulation. While traditional method was applied in the control group.the study group with virtual surgical planning and simulation, transfer of the virtual surgical planning to operation room assisted with guiding template fabricated by computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology, the control group with traditional traditional method. The postoperative 3-dimensional reconstructed computed tomography image and the presurgical plan were compared to evaluate the accuracy. Results　The accuracy of periapical microsurgery based on 3d-printed based on templates in the study group were better than those in the control group. There was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions　The 3D-printed template could effectively guid periapical microsurgery, providing positional control with considerable surgical accuracy, which is worthy of clinical application.

Abstract：　Objective　 This study was designed to compare the clearning efficiency between shock wave enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS) and Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation（PUI）Methods　250 single premolar from freshly extracted human were collected, the smear layers were removed. After sterilization, the model of E.faecalis infection was established in vitro. Samples were randomly divided into 6 groups(n=40) respectively, SWEEPS-Er:YAG laser with 3% NaOCl, SWEEPS-Er:YAG laser with 0.9% normal saline, PUI with 3% NaOCl , PUI with 0.9% normal saline as the experimental group, 3% NaOCl group and 0.9% normal saline group were the control groups. After irrigation, the bacterial clearing effectiveness were qualitatively observed through a scanning electron microscope, and the rate of bacterial reduction was quantitatively determined by the plate bacterial counting method, and all data were statistically analyzed by a Mann-Whitney U test. Results　 The amount of E.faecalis was significantly decreased in SWEEPS+NaOCl group, SWEEPS+NS group, PUI+NaOCl group, PUI+NS group and 3% NaOCl group (P < 0.05). The difference between the each two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The efficiency of bacterial reduction was SWEEPS+NaOCl group > SWEEPS+NS group > PUI+NaOCl group > PUI+NS group > NaOCl group > NS group. Conclusions　 The clearning efficiency of SWEEPS-Er:YAG irrigation was significantly better than that of Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation.

[Abstract]Objective: To explore the differences of the clinical effect of direct resin filling and cast porcelain high inlays on repairing defect of posterior teeth. Methods: fifty-three patients with defect of posterior teeth who treated in our hospital from February 2018 to February 2019 were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The control group (n=26, 34 sick teeth) was given direct resin filling, and the observation group (n=27, 36 sick teeth) was given cast porcelain high inlays repairing. The repair time, median occlusal condition, repair effect after 12 months follow-up, success rate of repairing, gingival groove bleeding index, gingival index score and subjective satisfaction of patients before and after repairing were compared between the two groups. Results: The repair time and the early exposure incidence immediately after repair and 3 months after repair in the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in early exposure incidence at 6 months after repair between two groups (P>0.05). The percentage of occlusal force of affected side in the observation group immediately after repair and 3 and 6 months after repair was higher than that of the contralateral side, but the percentage of occlusal force in the control group was lower than the contralateral side, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). After 12 months of repair, the proportion of adjacency, edges tightness and completeness of the restoration in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), the SBI score (0.62 ± 0.12), GI score (1.34 ± 0.24) and subjective satisfaction score (44.87 ± 4.76) in the observation group were significantly better than those in the control group [SBI score (0.75 ± 0.11), GI score (1.48 ± 0.26) and subjective satisfaction score (38.84 ± 4.03)] (P <0.05). Conclusions: For patients with defect of posterior teeth, cast porcelain high inlays have better occlusal force distribution, lower gingival index and gingival groove bleeding index, higher repair effect, success rate and subjective satisfaction, but are poor in repair time and early exposure incidence compared with direct resin filling.

Objective　 To explore the characteristics of soft tissue changes in different facial areas after maxillofacial surgery in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion. Methods　 Eighteen cases of skeletal Class III malocclusion in our hospital from 2017 to 2019,9 cases of male and female. Using 3dMD photogrammetry system, the facial images of the patients were taken on any day of the week before and 6 months after the surgery. The facial images before and after the operation were reconstructed and matched by Geomagic Qualify. Then the changes of soft tissue in each area of the face were obtained. Results　 The changes of soft tissue after operation were -0.17 mm in temporal region (R1), -0.42 mm in zygomatic arch area (R4), -0.81 mm in under the mouth next district (R11)and -3.08 mm in lower lip and chin area (M3). Negative changes happened in the above regions (P<0.05); The soft tissue changes were 0.29 mm in infraorbital region (R2), 1.58 mm in paranasal area, 1.08 mm in on the mouth next district (R8), 0.59 mm in nasal region (M1),and 2.05 mm in superior labial region (M2) . Positive changes happened in the above regions (P<0.05). Soft tissue changes in both sides of the same facial area were not significantly different (P>0.05); and the differences between men and women in soft tissue changes of the same region had no statistical significance (P>0.05). Conclusions　 The soft tissue of patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion in temporal region, zygomatic arch area, under the mouth next district, lower lip and chin area became depressed after bimaxillary surgery, while the soft tissue in infraorbital region, paranasal area, on the mouth next district, nasal area and superior labial region became protruding. There was no difference in soft tissue changes in the same facial area on the left and right sides, and gender had no effect on the changes of soft tissue in each area of the face after surgery.

Objective: To investigate the success rate of full pulpotomy in different age groups.Method: Sixty-seven permanent posterior teeth with symptomatic vital pulps in 61 patients aged 18-76 years were included and divided into Young Group (18-39y), Middle-aged Group (40-59y), Senior Group (above 60y). Preoperative pulpal and periapical diagnosis was established. After informed consent, the tooth underwent full pulpotomy using MTA as capping materials. Patients were recalled for clinical and radiographic evaluation at 6 months postoperatively. Results: Diagnosis of pulpitis was established in 52 teeth with carious exposure, 15 teeth with severe tooth wear. Success rate in SG(80%) was found significantly lower than YG(100%), while no differences were detected between YG(89%)&MG, nor MG&SG. General success rate of full pulpotomy in mature permanent teeth was 92%. Conclusion: Pulpotomy could be applied in patients of all age to treat severe tooth wear and cariously exposed irreversible pulpitis in mature permanent teeth under strict indication.

Many clinical diseases such as tumors and inflammation will cause the lack of oxygen supply, and some inflammatory processes such as orthodontic tooth movement is also process of ischemia and hypoxia, which will directly affect the normal metabolism of cells, and will seriously threaten life. Effective monitoring is very important to maintain normal cell physiological activities. There are many methods that have been used to determine tissue hypoxia, include microelectrodes, near-infrared spectroscopy, blood oxygenation level dependent magnetic resonance imaging, molecules induced by hypoxia and hypoxia sensitive fluorescent probe.Here we review the technologies, characteristics, applications, limitations and precautions of each approach, and make a horizontal comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and periodontal disease are chronic inflammatory diseases caused by infection, and the clinical manifestations of both involve the destruction of connective tissue. This article reviews the epidemiological situation, common risk factors, and related biological mechanisms of the two. Literature review results show that periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can influence each other. The homology of infection bacteria, inflammatory factors and neutrophil inflammation are all involved in the process of the two diseases, and the common risk factors for both There are aging, poor socioeconomic status, smoking, etc., but further research is needed to clarify the specific mechanism of the interaction between periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Periodontal disease has a wide range of effects and is the primary cause of tooth loss among adults in our country. Therefore, effective periodontal disease prevention and treatment is very important. The current common prevention and treatment methods for periodontal disease have certain shortcomings. As a new treatment method, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) can solve these problems to a certain extent. This article briefly describes the current status of periodontal disease prevention and treatment, and focuses on the concept, origin, effect of SDT, and research progress in the treatment of periodontal disease.

The inadequate thickness of keratinized mucosa around implants can lead to marginal bone loss and increase the risk of peri-implant disease, which is harmful to peri-implant health. It is believed that soft tissue transplantation can effectively enlarge keratinized mucosa thickness, improve soft tissue health and promote the success rate of implant surgery. This paper summarized the recent reports on gaining keratinized mucosa thickness around implants in different ways and at different times, aims to provide theoretical reference for the selection of current surgical approaches and further research.

The injury of mandibular nerve is a serious complication in the process of dental implant surgery which can be distressing to both patients and clinicians. The mandibular nerve injury in dental implant surgery is reviewed in this article, including its evaluation, non-surgical treatment and related prognosis, aiming at offering a valid reference for clinicians if needed.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a serious adverse reaction caused by long-term use of bisphosphonate in patients. Its main symptoms include soft tissue rupture, bone surface exposure, necrotic area flow pus, focal tooth loosening and so on. Because of the unclear etiological mechanism and lack of corresponding etiological treatment, the current clinical treatment is mainly local dead bone removal and other symptomatic treatment. Scholars have proposed different etiological mechanisms, including imbalance of the bone turnover of the jaw, inhibition of angiogenesis, microbial infection, immune dysfunction, soft tissue toxicity and so on. The recent research progress in the pathogenesis of the disease is reviewed in this paper.

Rapid maxillary expansion combined with protraction facemask is one of the common methods for the early treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion of maxillary deficiency. Teeth and mucosal supported devices are commonly used in the treatment of skeletal Class III patients in mixed dentition and early permanent dentition. With the development of implant anchorage, mini-implants are widely used in orthodontic treatment, showing stable bony anchorage effect. This article will briefly review the palatal bone-supported rapid maxillary expansion combined with maxillary protraction technology to provide a reference for clinical treatment.

With the continuous development of the economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the aesthetic requirements for maxillofacial are also gradually increasing. More and more patients with malocclusion are seeking orthodontic therapy. Orthodontic therapy can improve the aesthetic appearance of the patient's maxillofacial region and enhance patient self-confidence. At the same time, by aligning the dentition, self-plaque control is easier. However, the impact of orthodontic therapy on periodontal soft and hard tissue cannot be ignored. This article briefly reviews the relationship between orthodontic therapy and periodontitis and its impact on periodontal soft and hard tissues.