抗菌肽DJK-5对变异链球菌生物膜致龋毒力因子的影响

doi:10.13591/j.cnki.kqyx.2026.10.006

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the effect of DJK-5 on the bactericidal efficacy and cariogenic virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms. Methods S. mutans suspensions were treated with DJK-5 at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/mL, and bacterial growth was observed. S. mutans biofilms were treated with sterile deionized water (Control group), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX group) and DJK-5 at concentrations of 10, 20, 40 μg/mL. The structural changes in biofilm were observed using laser confocal microscopy. The production of water-insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (IEPS) and pH values were quantified using the anthrone-sulfuric acid method and a pH meter, respectively. Additionally, the effects of 10 μg/mL DJK-5 on the expression of cariogenic virulence genes in S. mutans biofilms were detected by RT-qPCR. Results DJK-5 at concentrations ≥10 μg/mL exhibited an inhibitory effect on the growth of planktonic S. mutans. The higher the concentration of DJK-5, the more pronounced the inhibitory effect. The volume ratios of dead bacteria in the DJK-5 groups were significantly higher than those in the control and chlorhexidine group. The disruption of spatial structure became more severe with increasing DJK-5 concentrations. The pH values in DJK-5-treated biofilms were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the pH levels in the 20 and 40 μg/mL DJK-5 groups were significantly higher than those in the NaF group. The production of IEPS in DJK-5-treated biofilms was significantly lower than that in the control group. The 10 μg/mL DJK-5 group produced significantly more IEPS than the 40 μg/mL DJK-5 group and the NaF group. DJK-5 promoted the expression of gtfC and gbpB genes, while suppressed the expression of ldh, comDE, and relA genes. Conclusion DJK-5 significantly inhibits acid production and IEPS synthesis in biofilms by targeting and modulating the cariogenic virulence factors of S. mutans, thereby demonstrating highly efficient bactericidal activity against biofilms.

Key words: antimicrobial peptide, Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), biofilms, extracellular polysaccharides, virulence factors

CLC Number:

R780.2

HONG Feng, CHENG Junxiang, DUAN Qinyan, PAN Le, HU Yajun. Effects of antimicrobial peptide DJK-5 on cariogenic virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans biofilm[J]. Stomatology, 2026, 46(10): 757-762.

Figures/Tables 6

Tab.1

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

References 26

[1]	Mazurel D, Brandt BW, Boomsma M, et al. Streptococcus mutans and caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Dent Res, 2025, 104(6): 594-603. doi: 10.1177/00220345241303880
[2]	Zheng T, Jing ML, Gong T, et al. Regulatory mechanisms of exopolysaccharide synthesis and biofilm formation in Streptococcus mutans[J]. J Oral Microbiol, 2023, 15(1): 2225257. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2225257
[3]	Zhu LK, Li JH, Pan YP, et al. Metabolomics reveals high fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate from fluoride-resistant Streptococcus mutans[J]. BMC Microbiol, 2024, 24(1): 151. doi: 10.1186/s12866-024-03310-8
[4]	Brookes ZLS, Bescos R, Belfield LA, et al. Current uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: A narrative review[J]. J Dent, 2020, 103: 103497. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103497
[5]	Huang XY, Haapasalo M, Wang ZJ, et al. Effect of long-term exposure to peptides on mono- and multispecies biofilms in dentinal tubules[J]. J Endod, 2019, 45(12): 1522-1528. doi: S0099-2399(19)30659-4 pmid: 31606145
[6]	Wardell SJT, Yung DBY, Gupta A, et al. DJK-5, an anti-biofilm peptide, increases Staphylococcus aureus sensitivity to colistin killing in co-biofilms with Pseudomonas aeruginosa[J]. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 2025, 11(1): 8. doi: 10.1038/s41522-024-00637-y
[7]	Wu BC, Blimkie TM, Haney EF, et al. Host response of human epidermis to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infection and synthetic antibiofilm peptide treatment[J]. Cells, 2022, 11(21): 3459. doi: 10.3390/cells11213459
[8]	Kapralos V, Sunde PT, Camilleri J, et al. Effect of chlorhexidine digluconate on antimicrobial activity, cell viability and physicochemical properties of three endodontic sealers[J]. Dent Mater, 2022, 38(6): 1044-1059. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.04.013 pmid: 35491276
[9]	Magalhães TC, Lopes AG, Ferreira GF, et al. In vitro assessment of NaF/Chit supramolecular complex: Colloidal stability, antibacterial activity and enamel protection against S. mutans biofilm[J]. J Dent, 2024, 149: 105316. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105316
[10]	Zhang T, Wang ZJ, Hancock REW, et al. Treatment of oral biofilms by a D-enantiomeric peptide[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(11): e0166997. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166997
[11]	Wang D, Shen Y, Hancock REW, et al. Antimicrobial effect of peptide DJK-5 used alone or mixed with EDTA on mono- and multispecies biofilms in dentin canals[J]. J Endod, 2018, 44(11): 1709-1713. doi: S0099-2399(18)30514-4 pmid: 30243660
[12]	Suresh C, Veeraraghavan V, Jayaraman S, et al. Awareness about the significance of acid-base balance of saliva in maintaining oral health[J]. J Adv Pharm Technol Res, 2022, 13(Suppl 1): S325-S329. doi: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_402_22
[13]	Pezzotti G, Ofuji S, Imamura H, et al. Raman analysis of biofilm exopolysaccharides formed in Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis commensal cultures[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(7): 6694. doi: 10.3390/ijms24076694
[14]	Salzer A, Keinhörster D, Kästle C, et al. Small alarmone synthetases RelP and RelQ of Staphylococcus aureus are involved in biofilm formation and maintenance under cell wall stress conditions[J]. Front Microbiol, 2020, 11: 575882. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.575882
[15]	Zhang T, Xia LY, Wang ZJ, et al. Recovery of oral biofilms after exposure to peptides and chlorhexidine[J]. J Endod, 2021, 47(3): 466-471. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.11.020 pmid: 33248060
[16]	Rainey K, Michalek SM, Wen ZT, et al. Glycosyltransferase-mediated biofilm matrix dynamics and virulence of Streptococcus mutans[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2019, 85(5): e02247-18.
[17]	Guan CR, Che FA, Zhou HX, et al. Effect of rubusoside, a natural sucrose substitute, on Streptococcus mutans biofilm cariogenic potential and virulence gene expression in vitro[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2020, 86(16): e01012-20.
[18]	Dhaked HPS, Biswas I. Distribution of two-component signal transduction systems BlpRH and ComDE across streptococcal species[J]. Front Microbiol, 2022, 13: 960994. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960994
[19]	Zu Y, Li W, Wang Q, et al. ComDE two-component signal transduction systems in oral streptococci: Structure and function[J]. Curr Issues Mol Biol, 2019, 32: 201-258. doi: 10.21775/cimb.032.201 pmid: 31166173
[20]	Wang YF, Wang XQ, Jiang WT, et al. Antimicrobial peptide GH12 suppresses cariogenic virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans[J]. J Oral Microbiol, 2018, 10(1): 1442089. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1442089
[21]	Luo Y, Song YZ. Mechanism of antimicrobial peptides: Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm activities[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(21): 11401. doi: 10.3390/ijms222111401
[22]	Sharma A, Tayal S, Bhatnagar S. Analysis of stress response in multiple bacterial pathogens using a network biology approach[J]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15: 15342. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-91269-5
[23]	Loimaranta V, Mazurel D, Deng DM, et al. Xylitol and erythritol inhibit real-time biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans[J]. BMC Microbiol, 2020, 20(1): 184. doi: 10.1186/s12866-020-01867-8 pmid: 32600259
[24]	Gabe V, Kacergius T, Abu-Lafi S, et al. Inhibitory effects of ethyl gallate on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation by optical profilometry and gene expression analysis[J]. Molecules, 2019, 24(3): 529. doi: 10.3390/molecules24030529
[25]	Ma QZ, Pan YY, Chen Y, et al. Acetylation of lactate dehydrogenase negatively regulates the acidogenicity of Streptococcus mutans[J]. mBio, 2022, 13(5): e0201322. doi: 10.1128/mbio.02013-22
[26]	Kim ES, Jeong JE, Kim YH, et al. Effect of Cudrania tricuspidata on cariogenic properties and caries-related gene expression in Streptococcus mutans[J]. Molecules, 2025, 30(8): 1755. doi: 10.3390/molecules30081755

基因	引物序列(5'—3')
基因	上游	下游
16S rRNA	AGCGTTGTCCGGATTTATTG	CTACGCATTTCACCGCTACA
ldh	GGCGACGCTCTTGATCTTAG	GGTTAGCAGCAACGAGGAAG
relA	GGTTAGCAGCAACGAGGAAG	AATCACGCTTGGTATTGCTAATTG
gtfC	GGTTTAACGTCAAAATTAGCTGTATTAGC	CTCAACCAACCGCCACTGTT
gbpB	AGGGCAATGTACTTGGGGTG	TTTGGCCACCTTGAACACCT
comDE	ACAATTCCTTGAGTTCCATCCAAG	TGGTCTGCTGCCTGTTGC

Effects of antimicrobial peptide DJK-5 on cariogenic virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans biofilm

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 6

References 26

Related Articles 6

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	WANG Chunxiao, HUANG You, LIU Yan. Study on the effects of biological antimicrobial peptides on periodontitis factors and bone metabolism indicators [J]. Stomatology, 2026, 46(6): 422-426.
[2]	CHANG Xingtao, HU Jiaxin, SUN Jiangling, ZHANG Jiqin, CHEN Xianrun, BAI Guohui, LUO Yi. The inhibitory impact of natural antibacterial biomaterials on Streptococcus mutans and its associated biofilm formation [J]. Stomatology, 2025, 45(3): 235-240.
[3]	HUANG Xinzhao, ZHONG Liangjun. Research advances in the relationship between human β defensin-2 and oral lichen planus [J]. Stomatology, 2022, 42(3): 276-279.
[4]	FENG Shanshan, JIN Yifu, CHEN Huan, HOU Yanyan, DING Jingyu, ZHU Song. Research progress on the application of antimicrobial peptides in dentin adhesives [J]. Stomatology, 2022, 42(2): 156-159.
[5]	YUAN Wenjin, HAN Jiaqi, YANG Jie, DONG Ning, JIANG Qiu. Research progress of synthetic antimicrobial peptides in prevention and treatment of dental caries [J]. Stomatology, 2022, 42(12): 1129-1133.
[6]	. Effect of Ptk1 and SinR on polysaccharide production of Porphyromonas gingivalis [J]. , 2018, 38(9): 774-779.