Dental implantologytechnology has been developing rapidly in recent years, and has become the latest trend for the missing teethin the 21st century. This article aims to make a discussion in four aspects:implantologysurgical technique, implantologyprosthodontictechnique,implant materials,and digital implantology.

Objective To prepare the electrospun poly (εcaprolactone)/ typeI collagen/ nanophase hydroxyapatite nanofiber,and to examine its characteristics and biocompatibility.The composite material is expected to be used as the biodegradable membrane for guided tissue regeneration.Methods The PCL/COLⅠ and PCL/COLⅠ/nHAP scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning technique and observed by scanning electronic microscope.The morphology,proliferation and differentiation of periodontal ligament cells seeded on the scaffolds were evaluated by scanning electronic microscope,CCK8 assay and realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis.Results The PCL/COLⅠ and PCL/COLⅠ/nHAP scaffolds had a porous and interwoven structure,while only the PCL/COLⅠ/nHAP showed a rough surface because of the nHAP particles packaged inside the fibers.The results of the scanning electronic microscope and CCK8 assay showed that periodontal ligament cells adhering to the scaffolds extended adequately and proliferated stably.Additionally,the realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that runtrelated transcription factor 2 and osteocalcin of the cells cultured on the PCL/COLⅠ/nHAP expressed higher than that of the control group,which suggested that the PCL/COLⅠ/nHAP scaffold had the ability to induce osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells.Conclusions The PCL/COLⅠ/nHAP scaffold which has good biocompatibility and osteoinductive ability may serve as a novel biodegradable membrane for guided tissue regeneration.

Objective To explore the effect of masticatory force on development of condylar cartilage and the BrdU labeling in growing rabbits.Methods Thirtytwo,10dayold New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups randomly.One group received the normal hard diet and the other group received a powder soft diet.Both groups were injected intraperitoneally with bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU) 50mg/kg for 2 consecutive weeks and then sacrificed at 2,4,6,8 weeks after the first BrdU injection.Presence of BrdU was detected using immunohistochemistry and morphological change was examined by HE staining.Results Compared with the softdiet group,the thickness of anterior part of condylar cartilage in the harddiet group increased significantly.There was no significant change in the thickness of intermediate part of condylar cartilage.The thickness of posterior part of condylar cartilage was thicker in the softdiet group.Immunohistochemical analysis revealed staining of BrdU localized in the all cartilage zones and subchondral bone.BrdUpositive cells were abundantly detected in the proliferative zone.The BrdU labeling rate of harddiet group in anterior intermediate and posterior part of condylar cartilage was higher than the softdiet group significantly in the 2nd week.The BrdU labeling rate of softdiet group in intermediate and posterior part of condylar cartilage was higher than the harddiet group significantly in the 6th week.In 8th week BrdUpositive cells couldn′t be detected in both groups.Conclusions The growing rabbits with low masticatory force have a slow proliferation initiation.It suggests that the proper masticatory force can promote the proliferation of cell in cartilage and the development of condylar is still affected by the internal factor such as gene.

Objective To detect the expression and distribution of HSP70 in human dental pulp tissues and to analyze the influences of orthodontic forces on dental pulp and to use biomechanic principle correctly .Methods 16 patients were randomly assigned to control group and 1d，3d and 7d groups after orthodontics.The test teeth were extracted at the corresponding time and paraffin was prepared.Immunohistochemical method (SABC method) was utilized to localize and examine the expression of HSP70.Results HSP70 was stained inodontoblast,vascular enelothelial cells and some smooth muscle cells.The expression of HSP70 didn′tincreaseobviously in 1d group (P>0.05); it reached the highest level in 3d group especially in smooth muscle cell of vessel wall(P<0.01) and decreased greatly in 7d group.There was no pulp necrosisin all cases.〖WTHZ〗Conclusions〓〖WTBZ〗The changes of HSP70 in dental pulp during orthodontic tooth movement suggest that nitricoxide may play an important role in pulp selfrepair.HSP70 may provide effective protection to pulp tissue with appropriate force.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the expressions of MMP9 and VEGF in parotid pleomorphic adenoma,benign pleomorphic adenoma and malignant pleomorphic adenoma.Methods 　 Realtime fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western Blotting methods were used to detect the expression of MMP9 and VEGF in 32 pairs of pleomorphic adenoma tissue and the tissue beside the tumor.Results 　26 out of 32 cases were benign pleomorphic adenoma,and other 6 were malignant.The mRNA and protein expression rate of MMP9 and VEGF in pleomorphic adenoma tissues were higher than those in the tissue beside the tumor(P＜0.05).The mRNA and protein expression rate of MMP9 and VEGF in malignant pleomorphic adenoma tissues were higher than those in benign pleomorphic adenoma tissues(P＜0.05).Conclusions 　 MMP9 and VEGF are highly expressed in parotid pleomorphic adenoma,and MMP9 and VEGF may be related with malignant pleomorphic adenoma.Taking 1.0 cm away from parotid pleomorphic adenoma as a boundary is safe for the excision of parotid pleomorphic adenoma.

Objective To study the effectiveness of orthognathic operation on skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion in adult patients with facial asymmetry towards the symmetry of maxillofacial hard tissue utilizing CBCT.Methods 19 adult patients of skeletal ClassⅢmalocclusion with facial asymmetry were selected,and all patients were treated with orthodonticorthognathic therapy.CBCT was used to perform 3D scanning on patients to obtain DICOM data before the orthognathic operation (T0) and six months after the orthognathic operation (T1).Dolphin 11.0 was utilized to rebuild the jaws in 3D,16 points describing the maxilla and mandible structure characteristic were chosen,and 20 variables were analyzed by statistics.Results The orthognathic operationwas able to ameliorate the horizontal and saggital asymmetry of the lower parts of inferior part of maxillary for the study group of 19 patients.The length of mandibularbody on both sides and the gradient of mandibular branch were both corrected.Conclusions The orthognathic operation is able to effectively improve adults′ facial asymmetry.The correction on adults with facial asymmetry skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion patients is restricted to improving the horizontal and saggital asymmetry of the lower parts of upper jaws as well as the incoherence in the length of mandibular.Accurate 3D measurements before orthognathic operationare critical to making the treatment plan and prognosis judgment.

Objective To investigate the expression of CD105 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to probe into CD105′s correlations with the pathological characteristics and prognosis in OSCC.Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to mark vascular endothelial cells in the normal tissue group and OSCC tissue groups by antiCD105 antibody,to measure MVD (Microvessel Density),and to analyze the correlations between CD105MVD and the pathological characteristics and prognosis in OSCC.Results A positive stain of CD105 was observed in OSCC,which significantly differed from the normal tissue group (P＜0.05); In the OSCC tissue group,the expression of CD105 was associated with the degree of differentiation,clinical stage,T classification and lymph node metastasis (P＜0.05),but not with age,sex or smoking（P≥0.05).Besides,the fiveyear survival rates of patients with high CD105MVD were lower than that of patients with low CD105MVD (P＜0.05).Conclusions CD105 has no correlation with age,sex or smoking,but has a relationship with the degree of differentiation,clinical stage,T classification,lymph node metastasis and prognosis in OSCC.Besides,the low survival rates of patients with high CD105MVD can be referred to as an index of prognosis.

Objective To explore wound healing status after the guided bone regenerationsurgery using bone collagen and to compare changes of alveolar bone density before the surgery,1 month and 4 months after the surgery.Methods 21 teeth from 15 chronic periodontitis patients(6 males，9 females) with bone defects requiring prevention of alveolar bone absorption were selected in this research.Physical examination was used to examine the healing status after teeth extraction.The grey values of alveolar crests and dental crowns were measured with PLANMECA digital panorama tomograph.Oneway analysis of variance was used to compare the preoperative and postoperative changes of the grey values.Results The grey values of the alveolar crests and dental crowns before the surgery,1 and 4 months after the surgery were 0.35±0.06,0.43±0.03,and 0.54±0.04,respectively.There were statistical differences between groups(P＜0.01).Conclusions Guided bone regeneration with bone collagen is a simple and practical method for bone augmentation,which can significantly improve the alveolar bone condition.Besides,it can provide favorable conditions for stage IIpreprosthetic treatment and aesthetic restorations.

Objective To evaluate the mandibular asymmetry in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP) who didn′t have palatoplasty before 17 years old.Methods 9 patients (4 males and 5 females) with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP) were selected,who had lip repair before 5 years old and didn′t have palatoplasty before 17 years old.7 variables were measured with threedimensional (3D) CT reconstructed images using a 3D visualization and analyzing program.The differences between the cleft side and the healthy side were evaluated statistically.Results The distances of CoGo and CorGo were bigger in the cleft side than those in the noncleft side.The ∠Co′CoMe was bigger in the cleft side than that in the healthy side,while the other measurements in the cleft side were smaller than those in the healthy side.Conclusions No significant asymmetry was found on the mandible in patients with UCLP who didn′t have palatoplasty before 17 years old.

Objectives To investigate the expression of TL1A and IDO in normal oral mucosa (NOM) and oral lichen planus(OLP),and to observe their correlation of TL1A and IDO in OLP.Methods The expression levels of TL1A mRNA and IDO mRNA in the peripheral blood of 30 OLP patients and 30 cases of healthy human were detected using realtime fluorescent quantitativepolymerase chain reaction（FQPCR) technology.Results In the OLP group,the expression levels of TL1A,IDO mRNA were higher than those in the control group（P＜0.05）.After the conversion of the 2-ΔΔCT,the expression levels of TL1A,IDO mRNA in the OLP group were 1.7872 and 2.0763 times of the control group respectively.In the OLP group,the expression levels of TL1A mRNA and IDO mRNA had no obvious correlation（P>0.05）.Conclusions The abnormal expression of TL1A and IDO mRNA may play certain roles in the pathogenesis of OLP.The mechanism of action needs to be further studied.

Objective To explore the diagnostic methods and therapeutic principles of maxillofacial solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) through a retrospective analysis of clinical cases.Methods From 2009 to 2014,patients with maxillofacial SFT were counted in Shanghai No.9 Hospital oral-pathology database.The clinical data,imaging data and diagnostic methods were analyzed.Results 13 patients were selected in this study,whose post-operative pathology diagnoses were SFT with no typical clinical specificities,and their tumors were significantly enhancing masses according to the CT data.The immunohistochemistry of neoplasm cells were all positive for CD34 and Vim,and negative for Des.The wound healings were fine without any complications in 13 patients.During the post-operative follow-up period of 3 to 60 months,recurrences were found in 2 patients whose first pathological results were malignant SFT.After a reoperation,recurrences didn′t happen again in these 2 patients.Conclusions SFT was a rare disease in the maxillofacial region,and only the immunohistochemistry of the whole specimen would confirm the diagnosis.Complete radical resection was the first choice,long-term close follow-up was mandatory to control the recurrences,and the patient′s prognosis was usually satisfactory.

Objective To investigate the relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by performing a metaanalysis.Methods Such databases as PubMed,EMbase,CBM,CNKI,and WanFang databases were searched from their inception to May 20th,2014 to collect casecontrol studies about the PD and risk of RA,and the relevant references of the included literature were also retrieved.Two reviewers independently screened the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,extracted the data,and assessed the methodological quality.Then metaanalysis was conducted using CMA v2 software.Results Eventually nine casecontrol studies were included,2 in Chinese literature,7 articles in English literature,including RA group 465 cases and 421 cases of normal control group.The metaanalysis showed that exposure to PD could obviously increase incidence of rheumatoid arthritis 2.81 times (OR=2.81,95% CI 1.41 to 5.60,P=0.003),and sensitivity analysis showed the results were robust.There was no publication bias existing.Conclusions PD is an independent and significant factor to AR.Further studies according to the degrees of PD and the clinical subtypes of rheumatoid arthritis should be carried out.

Epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) refers to the biological process in which cells convert from epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal phenotype by a certain procedure.EMT is important for embryonic development,wound healing,and the invasion and metastasis of carcinomas.the molecular mechanisms of EMT in the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors have been a research focus.The occurrence of EMT involves a number of mechanisms,and is related to hypoxia microenvironment,inflammatory cytokines,extracellular matrix and microRNA,etc.This paper reviews the current progress in the research field of EMT,the role of EMT in invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma and lichen planus,and molecular mechanisms of EMT.

Dentin barrier cytotoxicity test which can mimic the clinical situation plays an important role in evaluating the toxicity of dentin filling materials and dentin contacting materials.It has been widely used in the toxicity research of related materials and has the possibility of replacing the animal test.This article reviewed the key technique points involving the choice and culture of cells,the test device and the selection of dentin disks.

Chronic periodontitis (CP) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are closely related,and the interplay between the two has become a hot topic in periodontology.DM,one of the risk factors for CP,can promote the occurrence and development of CP through several mechanisms.In turn,as the sixth complications of DM,CP can affect the progression of DM,and over 90% DM patients suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).This paper will review the research progress of the relationship between CP and T2DM in terms of their characteristics,mechanisms and so on.

Periodontal disease is one of the major diseases leading to tooth loss. With the development of dental implants, more and more patients choose implants to restore their missing teeth. Prior to making treatment plan for patients with periodontal disease, due to the correlation between periodontal disease and dental implant and the higher risk of implant failure in those patients, oral local conditions, general conditions, habits, etc. should be assessed to facilitate the plan selection and evade the risk. In this paper, we review the research progress for risk factors of implant treatments in patients with periodontal disease.

Hepcidin is a kind of antimicrobial peptide regulating organic iron homeostasis,and it is encoded by HAMP gene.Concerning the generating mechanism of hepcidin,the content of serum iron,bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs),interleukin6(IL6),hypoxiainducible factor(HIF)or other signaling factors can regulate its expression.The latest study indicates that hepcidin is involved in bone metabolism.It affects bone metabolism process through the “hepcidiniron metabolism bone metabolism”and “JAK/STAT”signaling pathway.This articlereviews relevant researchesofhepcidin generation mechanism and its relationship with bonemetabolism .

Accurate position and adequate bond strength of orthodontic brackets are necessary conditions for the success of orthodontic treatment. With the development of materials and technology, indirect bonding technology has attracted more and more attention. The research and development prospects of accuracy and bond strength of brackets in indirect bonding technology are reviewed in this paper.