Objective To explore the direct impact of SEMA4D-modified titanium surface on macrophages and the indirect regulatory effect on endothelial cell functions through macrophages. Methods Pure titanium specimens were polished and cleaned, and SEMA4D coatings were prepared using alkali heat treatment and self-assembly techniques. The experimental group consisted of titanium specimens coated with SEMA4D solutions at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 ng/mL, with smooth titanium(Ti)specimens as the control group. The surface micromorphology and hydrophilicity of titanium in each group were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and a contact angle meter. Macrophages were introduced onto the surface of each group, and the resulting supernatant was used to culture endothelial cells. The proliferative activity of the cells was measured using CCK-8 assay. The inflammatory expression and VEGF expression of macrophages were evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR. The adhesion and migration abilities of endothelial cells were determined using the fluorescent staining and scratch assay. Results The SEMA4D-modified titanium surface showed a porous microstructure covered by an organic film, which was non-cytotoxic. This surface reduced macrophage inflammatory expression, up-regulated VEGF expression and promoted endothelial cells’ adhesion and migration. Conclusion SEMA4D modified titanium surface can reduce inflammatory response and enhance the motor function of endothelial cells, thereby obtaining a physiological microenvironment conducive to soft tissue repairing.

Objective To investigate the expression level of EP300 in oral squamous carcinoma and its effect on the proliferation and migration of oral squamous carcinoma cells. Methods Differential expression of EP300 gene in pan-cancerous tissues and their normal tissues was collected and analysed through online database. The gene and protein expression levels of EP300 in the normal oral squamous epithelial cell line NOK and two different OSCC cell lines HSC3 and UM1 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively; the EP300 gene was silenced in HSC3 and UM1 cell lines by plasmid transfection. Cell proliferation ability was detected by plate cloning and CCK-8, and cell migration ability was detected by scratch assay. Results Bioconductivity analysis revealed that EP300 expression was significantly upregulated in HNSC of head and neck tumors compared to paraneoplastic tissues. EP300 gene and protein expression levels were significantly higher in HSC3 and UM1 compared to the NOK group (P<0.05), and EP300 endogenous expression was relatively higher in both HSC3 and UM1 cell lines. CCK-8 proliferation assay and clone formation assay detected that the proliferation ability of HSC3 and UM1 was significantly reduced after EP300 silencing (P<0.05). Cell scratch assay detected that the migration ability of HSC3 and UM1 was significantly reduced after EP300 silencing (P<0.05). Conclusion EP300 was highly expressed in oral squamous carcinoma cell lines HSC3 and UM1, and low expression of EP300 inhibited the proliferation and migration of oral squamous carcinoma cells.

Objective Using the task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) technique, the current study aimed to investigate the pattern of neural activation for processing the distorted speech on patients with repaired cleft palate. Methods Three blocks of speech stimuli, including the hypernasal speech, glottal stop, and typical speech were played to a group of 16 participants with cleft palate and another group of 20 typical adult listeners. Using a randomized block design paradigm, the participants were instructed to perceive the stimuli. Simultaneously, fMRI data were collected. The different brain activation pattern between the cleft palate group and the typical group was analyzed. Results ①Compared with the typical listener group, the cleft palate group showed a significant activation at the right middle frontal gyrus during the processing of the glottal stop(FDR-corrected, P<0.05). ②In the cleft palate group, there was significant difference in brain activation responses to different speech stimuli. The activation responses during the perceiving of glottal stop stimuli were significantly lager in the right fusiform gyrus, superior occipital gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, angular gyrus, and precentral gyrus than to the other speech stimuli(FDR-corrected, P<0.05). Conclusion The speakers with cleft palate showed a distinctive pattern of neural activation during their perceiving process of the distorted speech, such as the glottal stop. The involvement of the right hemispheric speech-related brain area may suggest that patients with cleft palate could have some compensatory strategy during the speech processing.

Objective The expression rates and the side effect movements of teeth were analyzed after the mandibular molar distalization treated by the invisible aligner. Methods A total of 24 patients who accepted the mandibular molar distalization by the invisible aligner were selected. A three-dimensional coordinate system was established, and the landmarks of crowns and roots of the molars and incisors were located using the pre-treatment and post-treatment CBCT. The coordinates of crowns and roots, the inclinations and torques of the teeth were obtained. The expression rates of tooth movements were calculated by comparing the actual movement and the preset movement. The side effect movements of teeth were studied by paired t-test by comparing the changes in coordinates of incisors and molars in the unplanned movement direction and the inclinations and torques of the teeth. Results The moving expression rate of the crown of mandibular first molar was the highest, which was up to 71%. The side effect movements like the depression and buccal tilt of the molars could happen during the process of mandibular molar distalization by the invisible aligner(P<0.05), but the side effect movements of incisors were not significant(P>0.05). Conclusion The invisible aligner has a high expression rate of tooth movement in mandibular molar distalization, and the expression rate of crown is larger than root. However, attentions should be paid to reduce depression and buccal tilt of the molars during tooth movement.

Objective To investigate the correlations between morphological variations of sella turcica and the buccally and palatally impacted maxillary canines(BIC/PIC)using the cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)to assist prediction and prompt clinical intervention. Methods One hundred and twenty-five patients with impacted maxillary canines(experimental group) and 125 gender, age and Angle’s classification matching subjects with normally erupted canines(control group) were included into this study. The experimental group were later divided into the buccally-impacted canine(BIC) and palatally-impacted canine(PIC) sub-groups. CBCT data of all samples were imported into Dolphin software for reconstruction of lateral cephalograms and 3D images. The incidence along with the distribution type(type Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ) of sella turcica bridging in each group were observed and recorded. SPSS 25.0 software was employed for statistical analysis of the results. Results The incidence of sella turcica bridging in the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P=0.004). In PIC subgroup also, the incidence was significantly higher than that of control group(P=0.007). Significant statistical differences were found in type Ⅱ and Ⅲ sella turcica bridging distribution type between PIC subgroup and control group(P=0.012). However, regarding BIC sub-group, no significant difference was noticed concerning the sella turcica bridging occurrence compared to control group. There was also no significant difference in the incidence of sella turcica bridging in 3D reconstructed images among all groups(P>0.05). Conclusion There is a correlation between the impacted maxillary canines and the incidence of sella turcica bridging. However, the sella turcica bridging is more likely to occur only in PIC patients, while no recognizable morphological variation is detected in BIC patients regarding sella turcica.

Objective To investigate the effect of different structural designs on dimensional stability of 3D printed maxillary resin models. Methods A model scanner was used to scan the standard gypsum dentition model of the upper jaw. Two sets of models with different structural types were designed in the denture design software, including horseshoe-shaped solid model and horseshoe-shaped hollow model. A 3D printer was used to print five resin models each group. On day 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after printing, the models were scanned with a 3D model scanner. Saved as the “.stl” file format, the scanned files of the printed models were then performed deviation analysis with the corresponding model design files in Geomagic software. Results The deviation range of the horseshoe-shaped solid models within 28 days was(31.41±4.29)μm to (36.38±3.99)μm. The deviation range of the horseshoe-shaped hollow models within 28 days was(57.36±7.66)μm to(97.64±27.14)μm. The deviation of the 3D printed resin models made with two structural designs was less than 100 μm. There was no statistical difference between the accuracy of the horseshoe solid group within 28 days of printing and the first day(P>0.05). There was a statistical difference between the accuracy of the 7th day after the printing of the horseshoe hollow group and the first day(P<0.05). With the extension of storage time, the deformation of the horseshoe-shaped hollow models became more and more obvious. Conclusion 3D-printed resin dental models with the horseshoe solid structure design have excellent long-term dimensional stability. The resin models of the hollow design of the horseshoe structure have good dimensional stability within 7 days after printing.

Objective To analyze the radiographic characterizations of the supernumerary tooth(ST)in the anterior maxillary region using cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT), in order to help clinicians treat ST. Methods CBCT data of 805 patients were selected. The radiographic characterizations of the ST were evaluated using NNT software, including the number, morphology, location, orientation, growth condition and associated clinical complications. Gender differences of the radiographic characterizations were analysed. Results Male patients outnumbered females with a gender ratio of 2.96∶1. The majority of ST was single, conical shape, palatal, inverted orientation and impacted in both males and females, but the ratio of two ST in males was higher than that in females(P<0.001). Inverted orientation in females was higher than that in males(P<0.001). The most common ST-associated complication was bone resorption of the walls of the nasopalatine canal, and the ratio in males was higher than that in females(P=0.01). In addition, anatomical structures involved by ST and other complications also included bone resorption of nasal floor, odontogenic cyst formation, follicle gap of tooth widen, impaction, malposition, rotation and root resorption of adjacent teeth. Conclusion The majority of ST was single, conical shape, palatal, inverted orientation and impacted in both males and females, but the clinical characterizations between males and females showed significant difference. The presence of ST may produce several complications. The accurate analysis of CBCT scan assists the diagnosis and treatment of ST.

Objective To report and discuss a case of precise extraction of maxillary impacted teeth and simultaneous implant placement in cases with missing teeth using digital surgical guides. Methods 3D printed digital surgical guides were designed and used to accurately guide the extraction of maxillary impacted teeth and simultaneous implant placement in cases with missing teeth in the maxillary edentulous area. Results The digital surgical guides were well positioned during the surgery, accurately and rapidly guiding the location of the impacted teeth, ensuring the implants were placed in the intended position while avoiding damage to adjacent important anatomical structures. Conclusion The use of digital surgical guides makes the extraction of maxillary impacted teeth and implant placement in the maxillary edentulous area more minimally invasive, fast and accurate.

Luteolin is a natural flavonoid with four hydroxyl groups that originates from plants. It has been extensively investigated in various inflammatory disease models in recent years, and exhibits great application prospect in the prevention and treatment for periodontitis. However, the clinical application of luteolin in periodontitis remains unexplored, and the development potential, underlying mechanisms and safety of luteolin require further investigation. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of luteolin on soft tissue destruction and alveolar bone loss associated with periodontitis.

Periodontitis can lead to the destruction of hard and soft tissue, and the periodontally compromised extraction sockets often suffer from hard and soft tissue defects, which will affect the followed implant restoration. Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) can be performed at the same time with tooth extraction to promote the reconstruction of alveolar socket and reduce the resorption of alveolar ridge, in order to preserve hard and soft tissue. Taking the postoperative soft tissue change and followed implant placement into account, this review aims to focus on the effect of periodontal infection on the healing of the alveolar socket, the effectiveness of ARP at periodontally compromised extraction sockets, and its influencing factors.

Chitosan is a natural polymeric polysaccharide derived through deacetylation of chitin. After deacetylation, chitosan can easily interact with DNA, proteins, lipids or negatively charged synthetic polymers, thus possessing unique biocompatibility, degradability and other properties. Chitosan thermosensitive hydrogels are polymeric hydrogels made of chitosan compounded with surfactants, and the hydrogels themselves undergo state changes when the external temperature changes. Because of the good biocompatibility, low tissue immune response and excellent cell adhesion, thermosensitive hydrogels have important applications in tissue engineering, drug carriers and regenerative medicine. In this paper, the applications of chitosan and chitosan thermosensitive hydrogels in oral tissue engineering will be briefly reviewed.

Peri-implant disease is the most common biological complication of implant restoration. Risk assessment of peri-implant disease can effectively assist clinicians in identifying and intervening in possible risk factors and developing a reasonable supportive peri-implant treatment plan. By reviewing the relevant literature on peri-implant disease risk assessment, this paper summarizes the risk factors of peri-implant disease, and briefly introduces three peri-implant disease risk assessment tools, which provides basis for the application of risk assessment in clinical diagnosis and treatment of peri-implant disease.

Periodontitis is chronic inflammation of periodontal tissues caused by plaque microorganisms. Oxidative stress, as a redox imbalance produced by the body under harmful stimulation, can promote the destruction of periodontal tissues, which has been proved to be closely related to the occurrence and development of periodontitis. The use of antioxidants as adjunctive therapy to restore the balance of oxidative/antioxidant status has become a hot research topic in recent years. This article will review the research progress of oxidative stress and antioxidant adjuvant therapy for periodontitis.

Porphyromonas gingivalis(P. gingivalis), a key pathogen of periodontitis, not only harms oral health, but also has an important relationship with the development of many extraoral diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. P. gingivalis and its products can promote the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through hematogenous and intestinal pathways. In this paper, the pathway and possible internal mechanisms involved are briefly described.

3D printing is a kind of computer aided manufacturing, which transforms digital model into green body through 3D printing equipment. With the development of various digital means, 3D printing has been widely used in the manufacture of dental prostheses. Implant denture, known as the second set of human teeth, has become a hot spot in clinical practice for its advantages of aesthetic and comfort. At present, oral implants are mainly manufactured by traditional methods. 3D printing can improve the implant personalization and production efficiency. Research shows that 3D printing implants are feasible, but there is no unified conclusion on implant design and surface modification. By introducing the latest research progress of 3D printed metal and all-porcelain implants, this paper aims to bring thoughts on implant material selection, production process, surface design and modification, and provide references for further research on 3D printed implants, so as to better serve the clinical practice.