Objective　To investigate the different effects of continuous and cyclic hydrolic pressure on marker gene expression of chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Methods: BMSCs were obtained by whole bone marrow adherent separation culture method and identified by osteogenic and adipogenic induction assays. BMSCs were treated by continuous hydrostatic pressure at 45, 90kPa and cyclic hydrostatic pressure at 0~45, 0~90kPa. Four groups were treated with pressure 1 h per day for 2 days. The expression of Sox9, Aggrecan and Col-Ⅱ was detected by Real-time PCR. Results: Real-time PCR showed that under pressure the expression Sox9 was enhanced. The expression of Aggrecan in the cells under 45, 90 and 0~90kPa was significant higher than that of control group. The expression of Col-Ⅱgene was significantly increased under 90 and 0~90 kPa .Conclusions: Hydrolic pressure could promote the chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The effect of 90 kPa on the chondrogenic differentiation is remarkable.

［摘要］ 目的 雌激素受体α（estrogen receptor α, ERα）高表达慢病毒载体感染根尖牙乳头干细胞（stem cells from apical papilla, SCAPs），探讨其在SCAPs体外成牙/成骨分化中的作用。方法 ERα高表达慢病毒载体感染SCAPs，Western blot检测ERα的表达，茜素红染色和Western blot检测其对SCAPs成牙/成骨分化的影响。结果 体外实验表明，实验组（ERα）ERα的蛋白表达水平较对照组（GFP）明显升高，实验组成牙/成骨向分化标志蛋白（碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)、成骨细胞特异性转录因子（osterix, OSX）、牙本质涎蛋白（dentin sialoprotein, DSP）和骨钙素（osteocalcin, OCN））表达水平在3d 或7d的表达均有不同程度上调，与对照组相比具有显著性差异（P<0.05）。在成骨诱导条件下，实验组（ERα）的矿化结节形成量较对照组（GFP）多，差异具有统计学意义（P< 0.05）。结论 慢病毒介导的ERα高表达载体成功在体外上调了目的基因的表达，并促进根尖牙乳头干细胞的成牙/成骨分化。

Abstract: Objective To investigate the potential function of A20 on modulating RANKL expression of the human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) regulated by IL-17. Methods HPDLCs were transfected of A20siRNA and slow virus, and then hPDLCs by suppression/over-expression of A20 were obtained, which were divided into suppression group, control group and over-expression group. Treated with IL-17 (50 ng/ml) for certain time, protein and mRNA levels of RANKL were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Results Suppression/over-expression of A20 in hPDLCs increased/decreased the expression of RANKL protein compared to the control group. Upon the stimulation of IL-17 (50ng/ml), similar results were observed in the three groups of hPDLCs. Conclusion Our study revealed for the first time that IL-17 induced RANKL expression of hPDLCs may be interfered by A20.

Abstract: Objective To explore the key signaling molecules when cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), a kind of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes in vitro. Methods Jurkat cells were cultured and then divided into groups: the control group, the wild group (Jurkat cells were stimulated by wild A.a CDT), and the mutant group (Jurkat cells were stimulated by mutant A.a CDT). After human Jurkat cells were treated by A.a CDT for 24 hours, iTRAQ (Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) labeling technique was used to test differentially expressed apoptosis-relating proteins. Results 20 apoptosis-related differentially expressed proteins (fold change ratio>1.3) were identified, including 8 proteins (CASP8/CD3E/YY1/SH3BGRL3/P53/CASP3/UBE2I/ TNFRSF10B) which were upregulated and 12 proteins (F5/RPL18A/DAD1/MTCH2/HIST1H1E/CNBP/RBM25/SLC16A1/KDM2A/CD99/RAC2/TMX1) which were downregulated. Conclusion This study elucidates the signaling molecules when A.a CDT induced apoptosis of human Jurkat cells at the molecular level, and one possible signaling pathway was selected (UBE2I/P53/TNFRSF10B/CASP8/CASP3), providing thoughts for the future studies and the treatment of localized aggressive periodontitis.

Abstract: Objective: To study the expression of hBDs and TLRs in periodontal tissues and the changes of the expression level in chronic periodontitis. Methods: 23 chronic periodontitis patients and 15 healthy controls were collected in the Department of Stomatology. The periodontal tissues were collected in the patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy controls. The expression levels of TLRs and hBDs were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results: the expression levels of TLRs and hBDs in the periodontal tissues of healthy individuals and patients with chronic periodontitis were varied, but the change trend was different. Conclusions: the expression levels of TLRs in the periodontal tissues were analyzed by this study. According to the research results, the expression level of endogenous immune factor in the periodontal tissues of the two kinds of endogenous immune factors may change with the presence of periodontitis. Because of the different expression of the site, it is suggested that there are interactions between these two endogenous immune factors in the process of chronic periodontitis.

Objective　 To investigate the effect of BioAggregate on LPS-induced bone destruction in vivo, and to compare its performance with that of mineral trioxide aggregate. Methods Six-week-old C57/BL6 male mice were divided into the injection group containing 10 mg/kg LPS with or without the material extracts (n=6) and the vehicle-injection group with the culture medium alone (n=6). After LPS stimulation for 7 days, mice were sacrificed and calvarial bones were prepared for micro-computed tomography scanning, histologic analysis and double immunofluorescence staining. Results BioAggregate and MTA extracts markedly reduced osteoclast numbers and attenuated bone resorption in LPS-challenged mouse calvaria. The expression level of osteoclastogenic cathepsin K was also decreased by BioAggregate and MTA extracts. Conclusions BioAggregate and MTA showed comparable inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation and inflammatory bone resorption in vivo.

Objective To evaluate the dentin bonding strength and durability of a novel universal adhesive used in self-etch mode and etching-rinsing mode. Methods Three groups of dentin/composite resin bonding specimens were prepared, which received three kinds of dentin conditioning, including no treatment (control), Singlebond Universal in self-etch mode and in etching-rinsing mode. Micro tensile bond strength (MTBS) after 24 hours’ and 180 days’ water storage was tested. The three different dentin/composite resin bonding interfaces were observed by a scanning electron microscope. Results Statistical differences existed in the bonding strength among three groups both before and after aging, and the control group demonstrated the lowest bonding strength, while the other groups showed no significant differences. Artificial aging significantly decreased the bonding strength of the control group, while it exerted no effect on the other two groups. Conclusion Application of Singlebond Universal can demonstrate better dentin bond performance to composite resin in both self-etch mode and etching-rinsing modes.

Objective To compare the marginal fit between CAD/CAM zirconia custom abutments of different brands and Ti-base. Methods CAD/CAM system was used to fabricate three groups (KaVo, Nissin and Upcera) of zirconia custom abutments and each with five samples. The marginal gap (MG) was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) for comparing the marginal fit. Results The mean MG value was (10.25±6.25) μm in Nissin group and (9.87±5.48) μm in Upcera group, which were significantly different from (7.19±2.98) μm in KaVo group (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed between the mean MG values in Nissin and Upcera groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Different CAD/CAM materials directly affect the fit between custom abutments and titanium base. As for the marginal fit, KaVo was much better than Nissin or Upcera.

Objective To introduce a kind of implant-supported mandibular telescopic overdenture in patients suffering from severe periodontal disease and to evaluate its efficacy. Methods 22 patients with severe periodontal disease were included in this study. 4 Ankylos implants were placed between the mental foramen of each patient. Prefabricated Syncone telescopic abutments were connected to the implants and immediate denture were relined with prefabricated golden coping. After 3 months, definitive denture was made with titanium framework. After 12-27 months, the survival rate, the success rate as well as the soft and hard tissues around each implant were evaluated. The satisfactory level of each patient was also assessed by means of questionnaire. Results In the period of 12-27 months, the survival rate was 100%, and success rate was 97.73%. The condition of perio-implant soft and hard tissues improved. PD (probing depth) and BOP% (bleeding on probing %) decreased with statistical differences. In the point of view of patient satisfaction level, 90.9% patients felt happy for the retention, and 81.8% felt no decrease in retention after 12-27 months. 95.46% patients felt satisfactory with their overdentures. Conclusion This treatment protocol has high survival rate, success rate and patients satisfactory level, which is helpful to improve the condition of soft and hard tissues around implants in patients suffering from severe periodontal disease.

Abstract: Objective To evaluate the efficacy of combined orthognathic surgeries and guiding templates and splints fabricated by rapid prototyping technique in the correction of facial asymmetry associated with vertical maxillary excess and mandibular prognathism. Methods 14 patients underwent a maxillary Le Fort I osteotomy, a sagittal split ramus osteotomy on the shorter side of the face, and an intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy on the longer side of the face with the aid of guiding templates and splints fabricated by rapid prototyping technique. Parameters including maxillary canting, ramal inclination, mandibular deviation, and chin inclination were measured before surgery, 7 days after surgery, and 1 year after surgery, and data were compared. Results Facial asymmetry was corrected in all patients with satisfactory outcomes. There were significant differences in these parameters between the two sides preoperatively (P<0.05), whereas no differences were observed postoperatively (P>0.05). Conclusion Guiding templates and splints can help to improve the accuracy and predictability over traditional procedures for the correction of facial asymmetry associated with vertical maxillary excess and mandibular prognathism.

ABSTRACT： Objective The aim of this study was to compare the difference between lateral cephalograms and CBCT images measurements of individual normal occlusion in Harbin. Methods CBCT scans and lateral cephalograms were taken in 30 individual normal occlusion volunteers in Harbin. Lateral cephalograms were traced manually on cephalometric tracing paper and CBCT images were measured by SimplantO&O to locate twenty-four measurements of the Steiner and Jarabak analytical method and analyze the difference between them. Results Fifteen measurements have significant difference between lateral cephalograms and CBCT images measurements. They are SNB、SND、UI-NA(?)、UI-NA(mm)、Go-Gn-SN、Pg-NB、SE、N-S-Ar、S-Ar-Go、Ar-Go-Me、Bjork sum、S-Ar、Go-Me、N-Me、S-Go. Conclusion Most measurements. have significant difference between lateral cephalograms and CBCT images. Deducing the three-dimensional cephalometric reference range of Steiner and Jarabak analytical method.

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effectiveness of fluoride-releasing orthodontic bonding cements on preventing enamel demineralization around brackets during orthodontic treatment. Methods A total of 24 participants were included. All the teeth were divided into two groups: the one side of teeth were applied with resin modified glass ionomer(GC), while the contralateral teeth were assigned to receive resin bonding system including self-ecthing primer(Transbond). DIGNOdent were uesed immediately，after three months and six months after bonding to observe the possible demineralization．EDI index and the detection rate of white spot lesion were recorded to evaluate enamel demineralization situation．Results There were no significant difference among two groups regarding EDI index , DD and WSL before and after 3 months orthodontic treatment. The data indicated a significant 1ower EDI, DD and WSL in the GC group than in the Transbond group(P<0.05) after six months. Conclusions Both of two fluoride-releasing bonding system can reduce the demineralization ,but resin modified ionomer has the better long-term.

Objective To evaluate the recent treatment response and long-term clinical effect of root canal filling with iRoot SP sealer and compare it with root canal filling with Cortisomol. Method 120 teeth suffered from chronic pulpitis or periapcial periodontitis were randomly divided into 2 groups, and filled respectively by iRoot SP or Cortisomol sealer combined with cold gutta-percha. The occurrence of pain in 7 days after treatment was recorded and the therapeutic effects were evaluated in the following 3 months and 2 years. Results The occurrence rate of pain after root canal therapy in 7 days using iRoot SP and Cortisomol were both low (P>0.05). There was no statistical significance in success rate between iRoot SP and Cortisomol after 3 months (94.83% vs. 96.67%)(P>0.05). The success rate of treatment with iRoot SP (93.10%) after 2 years was significantly higher than that with Cortisomol sealer (80.70%) in root canal filling (P<0.05). Conclusion Both the treatment with iRoot SP sealer in root canal filling and with Cortisomol sealer can significantly reduce the postoperative pain. However, iRoot SP sealer shows better clinical treatment effects than Cortisomol in the long run and the former is worth the widespread in clinical application.

Abstract: Objective To study the changes of the expression levels of IL-17 and IL-23 in GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) of patients with chronic periodontitis before and after treatment, and to explore the role of IL-23 / IL-17 axis in the occurrence and development of chronic periodontitis. Methods 50 patients with chronic periodontitis were selected. to GCF before and after the periodontal treatment was collected, and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determinate the expression levels of the IL-17 and IL-23 and their relationships. Results The expression levels of IL-17 and IL-23 in GCF decreased significantly after periodontal treatment (P <0.05). The expression of IL-17 and IL-23 in GCF were positively related to the periodontal clinical indexes. Conclusion IL-17and IL-23 play an important role in the occurrence and development of chronic periodontitis.

[Abstract]: Objective: To explore the clinical effect of montmorillonite and allicin in the treatment of thrush. Methods: 162 newborns and infants with thrush who were confirmed in our department clinic from April 2013 to March 2015 were selected and randomly divided into experiment group and control group. All patients were cleaned with normal saline locally. The mixed paste of montmorillonite and allicin were applied to the intraoral white spot lesion area and the peripheral mucosal tissue in the experiment group, while 2% sodium bicarbonate was used in the control group. The two groups were observed for their clinical effects. Results: Both the cure rate and the total effective rate in the experiment group were higher than those in the control group (p<0.01). Conclusion: The combined use of montmorillonite and allicin has an obvious effect on patients with thrush and no significant adverse reactions have been detected.

【Abstract】 Objective：To investigate the clinical application value of CBCT in difficult root canal treatment . Methods: the clinical data of 45 cases of shooting CBCT in our hospital from 2014 July to 2015 March, which digital periapical film can not be confirmed were retrospectively analyzed. Results: 20 cases of suspected root fracture, diagnosed by CBCT and confirmed root fracture after removal in 13 cases, the diagnosis of no root fracture and had no abnormality after root canal treatment in 7 cases; 8 cases of calcified root tube assisted search; determine the root resorption in 7 cases; 10 cases of judging the extent and severity of periapical inflammation. Conclusion: CBCT imaging with high precision, can be observed in three-dimensional lesions, have obvious advantages in difficult root canal treatment than the digital periapical films.

Objective　To discuss the prognostic significance of peripheral blood eosinophilia in oral squamous cell carcinoma after surgery. Methods 62 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma who hospitalized in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2012 were retrospectively evaluated, and followed up until December 2014. The mean of the eosinophil percentage and count was calculated. Patients can be divided into two groups, which were more than the meangroup and less than the mean group. Postoperative recurrence ratesof the two groups were compared, and the survival analysis and multivariate COX regression analysis were performed on the two groups of patients.ResultsAccording to the eosinophil count mean grouping, there was statistically significant difference in both recurrence rate and survival rate between the two groups (P = 0.002 and 0.016 respectively). According to the eosinophil percentage mean grouping, the two groups’recurrence rateswere significantly different(P=0.005), yet no statistically significant difference was found in two groups’ overall survival rate (P = 0.0253). By the single factor survival analysis,eosinophil count wasa factoraffecting the survival rate（P=0.03), and the multiariable COX regression analysis showed that eosinophil percentage and count had no obvious effect on the overall survival rate(P＞0.05), but age and recurrence or not may affect theoverall survival rate（P＜0.05). Conclusion Peripheral eosinophil percentage and count reducemay implypostoperative recurrence of the oral squamous cell carcinoma；But there is no enough evidence showing that the change of peripheral blood eosinophilia will affect patients' overall survival rate.

Abstract: Objective To make an epidemiological investigation on dental caries disease among children from 3 to 6 years old in Taizhou city, and to provide scientific basis for dental caries prevention. Methods 7154 children from 3 to 6 years old in Taizhou city were selected by random cluster sampling method. All children were examined according to the Third National Oral Health Investigation. The caries prevalence and caries filling rate were descriptively analyzed. Results The caries prevalence was 57.80%, for male it was 57.60%, and for female 58.26%. The caries prevalence increased with age. The caries filling rate was 1.11%, for male it was 1.14%, and for female 0.99%. The caries prevalence of children in public kindergartens was 49.76%, which was lower than 65.00% in the private kindergarten, while the caries filling rate was 1.82%, which was higher than 0.44% in the private kindergarten. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The caries prevalence of children 3 to 6 years old in Taizhou city was high, but the caries filling rate was low. Especially, the children's oral health status in private kindergarten was significantly worse than that in public kindergartens, suggesting the need of further strengthening the oral health care.

Abstract: Objective To know the current situation of oral health-related knowledge and attitudes among different ethnic groups of Kazakh in Xinjiang Altay region. Methods According to the third national oral health survey standards and methods, stratified random sampling method was used to investigate 489 Kazakh people in urban and rural areas of Altay. Results 18.1% of the population were able to answer correctly the number of their teeth, 56.6% were able to realize that teeth bleeding is abnormal when blushing teeth, 51.5% thought that sugar is one cause of tooth decay. The accuracy rates of these three issues by rural population were significantly lower than those by the urban population (P<0.05). As to the effect of fluoride toothpastes and whether a plaque is one of the causes of periodontitis, the accuracy rate was 28% and 6%, respectively. Although the accuracy rates of these two issues were higher by the urban population than by the rural population, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). As to whether regular dental check is necessary, teeth conditions are inborn and have little to do with maintenance, and prevention of dental diseases is on their own, the accuracy rates were 70.5%, 58.2%, 67.7%, respectively. The accuracy rates of these three issues were significantly lower by the rural population than by the urban population (P<0.05). 85.7% of the population believed that oral health knowledge is important, and the accuracy rate by urban people was slightly higher than that by the rural population (P>0.05). Access to oral health knowledge via radio/TV accounted for the highest proportion (67.6%), while that via hospital accounted for the lowest percentage (6%). Conclusion Health awareness of oral health in different Kazakh populations of Altay region are low, so oral health education should be made from a variety of ways to popularize the oral health knowledge.

Abstract: Neutrophils in gingival crevice are the first line against invading periodontal pathogens. During the course of infection, neutrophils are the first cells recruited to the site of inflammation and can kill pathogens through phagocytosis, degranulation, respiratory burst and some other means. This paper summarized the research progress on the roles of neutrophils in the occurrence and development of periodontitis.

Abstract: Root canal therapy was developed in the middle of 19th century, and it has been improved in many aspects over the past hundred years, including the concept, therapeutic apparatus, antiseptic and filling materials. However, the prognosis of root canal therapy has not been significantly improved. Therefore, this article took root canal anatomy as the breakthrough point, and discussed the site of open access, root canal preparation, root canal disinfection, root canal filling and the success rate, in order to objectively evaluate the success and failure of root canal therapy.

Abstract: The bioactive glass (BG) is a kind of biomaterial based on CaO-SiO2-P2O5 composition, which has excellent bioactivity, biocompatibility, osteoconductivity and antibacterial properties. It has been widely applied in bone tissue engineering, plastic surgery, dentistry and other fields. BG has good antibacterial property not only for common pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus, E. coli and P.aeruginosa, but also for some oral bacterium of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria such as S.sanguis, Aa and P. gingivalis. The mesoporous Bioactive Glass (MBG) is a new type of BG, which possesses a highly ordered mesoporous channel, higher specific surface area and pore volume, better biocompatibility, osteoconductivity and osteogenesis. The unique mesoporous structure of MBG can deliver antibacterial agents or metal ions, which releases slowly and gives play to long-term antibacterial effects.

Abstract: It has been widely proved that enamel matrix protein (EMP) can enhance periodontal regeneration. Recently, the anti-inflammatory effect of EMP has also been discovered in many relevant studies. The article reviewed the current research process of the anti-inflammatory activity of EMP on several periodontal cells.

Due to their special properties, nanoparticles have been widely used in clinical diagnosis, drug delievery, gene transfection, tissue engineering and cell tracking. A detailed understanding of the process and mechanisms underlying the uptake of nanoparticles is important for exploring the effects and action mechanisms of nanomaterials on the biological systems and evaluating their potential harm to organisms, which will provide insight about their biological safety. This article reviewed the most recent development in the celluar uptake of nanoparticles.