Objective To develop an automatic system to simplify the progress based on convolutional neural networks and build its accuracy evaluation system. Methods A total of 467 lateral and frontal views (age range: 6-55 years) were collected. Forty-five landmarks were detected in the front view and so as 31 in the profile. An automatic locating system based on CNN was developed, consisting of a global detection module and a local correction module. An accuracy evaluation system based on aesthetic considerations was proposed, which consisted of the standardized average error (NME) of the detected points, success rate (SDR) of landmark locating within the unit distance and the successful classification rate (SCR). Results The NME of our test set was 0.079±0.221 in profile and 0.025±0.021 in frontage.The SDR of 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 units were respectively 54.17%, 85.71%, 93.94%, 96.69%, and 97.37% in profile, 58.54%、87.59%、95.64%、98.03%、99.00% in frontage. Most of their SCR of our test set were 100%. Conclusion In this study, we successfully proposed an automatic landmark locating system based on CNN. The system can detect 76 landmarks with high detection accuracy within 20 seconds. Moreover, we constructed an evaluation metric of the automatic landmark locating system which focused on the facial aesthetics. Both the location and evaluation system can highly simplify the photogrammetric analysis.

Objective To prepare and identify the inclusion complex of resveratrol and cyclodextrin, and analyze the impact of the complex on dentin remineralization. Methods Resveratrol and cyclodextrin were used as raw materials to prepare the resveratrol-cyclodextrin inclusion complex using freeze-drying method. The structures of the inclusion complex were characterized by FTIR and TG. Cell cytotoxicity of resveratrol and the inclusion complex was compared using CCK8 assay. SEM was used to analyze the effect of the inclusion complex on dentin remineralization. Results FTIR spectra showed that compared to resveratrol, the inclusion complexes exhibited decreased and disappeared signal intensities in different frequency bands. Thermal analysis results demonstrated that resveratrol rapidly lost weight at 345 ℃, while the cyclodextrin-resveratrol inclusion complex exhibited rapid weight loss at 342 ℃. The characterization confirmed the successful encapsulation of resveratrol within cyclodextrin. CCK8 results indicated that resveratrol exhibited significant cytotoxicity at a concentration of 5 μg/mL, while the complex showed significant cytotoxicity at 10 μg/mL. The cytotoxicity of resveratrol was reduced after inclusion with cyclodextrin. SEM images indicated that, compared to the pure acid-etched group, both resveratrol and inclusion complexes resulted in mineral formation at demineralized dentin areas, with the group of inclusion complex showing more pronounced dentin remineralization. Conclusion Cyclodextrincan successfully form inclusion complexes with resveratrol, and the complexes promote dentin remineralization.

Objective To evaluate the effects of dentine surface wetting and acid etching on the bonding strength of two kinds of Universal adhesives(Single Bond Universal(SBU) and Prime Bond Universal(PBU)). Methods Sixty human fresh caries-free molars were randomly divided into 6 groups to prepare a rectangular flat and smooth dentin adhesive surface. Each adhesive surface was divided into two parts. One side was treated with acid etching, and the other side was not. Dry, wet and overwet dentin surfaces were prepared by distilled water pipetter. SBU and PBU were used for bonding respectively. After filling, 1 mm×1 mm cylindrical rods were cut perpendicular to the dentin surface, and their micro-shear bonding strength was tested on a universal tester. The morphology of resin-dentin bonding interface was observed under scanning electron microscope. Independent sample T-test was used for statistical analysis between each two groups(P<0.05). Results ①There were statistically significant differences in the three factors of etching mode, adhesive and wetness.②In the acid etching group, there was no significant difference in bonding strength between the three moisture dentine surfaces, no matter SBU or PBU (P>0.05). In the non-acid etching group, the bonding strength of SBU on dry dentin surfaces was significantly lower than that on wet and overwet dentin surfaces, with statistical significance (P<0.05), while the bonding strength of PBU on three different moisture dentin surfaces without acid etching was not statistically significant (P>0.05). ③The bonding strength of SBU acid-etched groups was higher than that of the corresponding non-etched groups, but there was no statistical significance in wet and overwet conditions (P>0.05). The bonding strength of PBU acid etching group was higher than that of the corresponding non-acid etching group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). ④Compared with PBU, SBU could obtain higher bonding strength under the same experimental conditions, but there was no statistically significant difference in bonding strength between SBU and PBU on wet and overwet dentin surfaces after acid etching (P>0.05). ⑤The fracture modes were mainly interfacial fracture, and there was no significant difference.⑥Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the resin protrusion formed by the two adhesives under the condition of acid etching was more dense and longer, and the resin protrusion extended into the dentin tubule. Under the condition of no acid etching, the resin protrusions formed by the two adhesives were sparse and short, and the resin protrusions formed by SBU were relatively more than those by PBU. Conclusion ①SBU applied to dentine surface after acid etching has low sensitivity to water, and PBU applied to dentine surface after acid etching or without acid etching has low sensitivity to water. ②SBU and PBU applied on the dentin surface after acid etching can obtain higher bonding strength than that on the dentin surface without acid etching.

Objective To compare the effectiveness, and safety of remazolam and propofol for supernumerary tooth extraction in oral day surgery on children. Methods Eighty patients who underwent tooth extraction in the Outpatient Department of Jiangsu Stomatological Hospital from October 2022 to April 2023 were selected and divided into propofol group (P group) and remazolam group (R group) by random number table, with 40 cases in each group. P group was given 2 mg/kg for anesthesia induction, maintained propofol 6-12 mg/(kg·h),remifentanil 10 μg/(kg·h). R group was given 0.3 mg/kg for anesthesia induction, maintained remazolam 0.8-1.5 mg/(kg·h),remifentanil 10 μg/(kg·h). HR and MAP were recorded before induction of anesthesia (T0), before endotracheal intubation (T1), after endotracheal intubation (T2), at the beginning of surgery (T3), at the end of surgery (T4), after extubation (T5), 5 minutes after extubation (T6). The operation time, the time of consciousness disappearance, extubation time and sedation failure rate were recorded. Results Compared with group P, the MAP and HR of patients in group R increased significantly at T1 to T4 (P<0.05); the time of consciousness disappearance was longer (P<0.05); the extubation time were shorter (P<0.05). The sedation success rate in both group was 100%. Compared with group P, remedial sedation rate in remazolam group was higher (P<0.05). Total incidence of major adverse events in group R (2.50%) was lower than that in group P (47.5%)(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in MAP and HR at T0, T5 and T6 between the two groups (P>0.05). There were no significant difference in PAED scores after awakening (P>0.05). Conclusion Remazolam has better anesthetic effect than propofol on supernumerary tooth extraction in oral day surgery on children, which has good clinical application value.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of dental caries in preschool children with autism and its influencing factors, so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of dental caries in children. Methods According to the standards and methods of the 4th National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey, a total of 270 5-year-old children with autism in a special education school in Qingdao were investigated for dental caries. A questionnaire survey was also conducted among the parents, and the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Results The caries prevalence rate of primary teeth in 5-year-old autistic children was 64.81%. The mean DMFT was 3.09±3.41, and the caries filling ratio was 27.42%. Single-factor analysis showed that all factors in the questionnaire had no significant effect on the caries prevalence(dmft)(P>0.05). Furthermore, the relationship between the influencing factors and the caries rate(dt)was analyzed. In children who had shorter brushing time and more frequency of eating snacks and drinking beverages at night, the caries rate(dt)was higher(P<0.05). Factors related to dental filling rate(ft)due to caries were(P<0.05):daily brushing times, the total time of brushing teeth, whether parents assisted in brushing teeth, gargling or brushing teeth after meals. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis with caries prevalence(dt)as the dependent variable showed that the total time of daily tooth brushing less than 1 minute and frequently eating snacks and drinking beverages at night after tooth brushing/before bedtime were the risk factors for primary teeth caries in children with autism(P<0.05). Conclusion The caries rate of primary teeth in 5-year-old autistic children is high, so more attention should be paid to enough brushing time every day and correcting the habit of eating snacks before bedtime. Dental caries may be an important reason to improve the oral health habits of children with autism, and oral health guidance should be strengthened in the dental visit process.

Objective To evaluate dentoskeletal and soft-tissue profile changes in Class Ⅱ division 1 extraction cases treated by the light archwire technique with straight-wire appliances. Methods A total of 24 Class Ⅱ division 1 cases met the inclusion criteria and were treated with the light archwire technique with a straight-wire appliance. Lateral cephalometric measurements were performed before and after treatment, and the statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0 software. Significant changes were evaluated by paired t-tests at a 0.05 significance level. Results After performing the active treatment in 24 subjects, the molar and cuspid relationships were neutral, and normal overjets and overbites were established. U1-NA (°) and L1-MP (°) decreased by 15.78° and 6.18°, respectively. Maxillary and mandibular incisors retracted by 7.56 mm and 2.27 mm, respectively. The mesial movement of the mandibular molars was 4.41 mm, and the mesial movement of the maxillary molars was 1.17 mm. The lower incisors were intruded by 2.42 mm, and the lower molars were extruded by 1.21 mm. However, vertical changes in the maxillary incisors and molars were not significant. Remarkable soft-tissue changes were noted after orthodontic treatment. The NLA increased by 13.77°. The prominence of the upper and lower lips to the aesthetic plane were significantly decreased by 2.90 mm and 3.83 mm, respectively. Conclusion The Class Ⅱ division 1 patients treated with the light archwire technique with a straight archwire appliance showed good control of sagittal and vertical dimensions after the extraction of four first premolars, and the profile was significantly improved.

Objective To analyze the diagnostic ability of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in benign lesions of the mandibular bone. Methods Patients with benign mandibular lesions confirmed by pathological examination were selected, and the location, size, boundary and internal echo characteristics, blood flow distribution, contrast-enhanced signal intensity, etc. of the lesion were observed by contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS), and were compared with CBCT. Results Seven cases ofodontogenickeratocystic tumor, 6 cases of ameloblastoma, 4 cases of jaw cyst, 2 cases of ossifying fibroma, one case of odontogenicmyxoma, one case of vascular malformation and one case of Langerhans histiocytosis were pathologically confirmed. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound could display the lesions mentioned above with anechoic to hypoechoic, and contrast-enhanced results confirmed that all lesions with solid components were significantly enhanced. Compared with CBCT, CEUS relied on echo uniformity, blood flow signal and post-contrast enhancement signal to verify partial cystic solidity. Conclusion Compared with CBCT, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography can displaynot only the boundary of lesions in the jaw, but also the soft tissue content and blood flow in the lesion, and provide more diagnostic information.

Objective Using cone beam computed tomography(CBCT), this paper discussed the morphology and incidence of middle mesial root canal(MMC) of mandibular first molar(MFM), and evaluated the relationship between the related factors and the incidence of MMC, in order to provide reference for clinical treatment. Methods CBCT imaging data were collected for each patient who met the inclusion criteria. The following were recorded: age, gender, the tooth position, the distance between the mesiobuccal(MB) and mesiolingual(ML) orifices, and the existence of the radix entomolaris. Alldata were analyzed by SPSS20.0 statistical software. Results The incidence of MMC in MFM was 8.12%(145/1 785); among them, fused MMC was the most common with an incidence of only 0.84%(15/1 785). The incidence of MMC in people older than 40 years old was 9.99%(82/821) and 6.54%(63/964) in people under 40 years old, P<0.05. The incidence of MMC in males(7.12%, 67/941) was slightly lower than that in females(9.24%, 78/844), P>0.05.The incidence of MMC in left MFM(8.34%, 76/911) was slightly higher than that in right side(7.89%, 69/874), P<0.05.The incidence of MMC was slightly higher in the radix entomolaris group(8.85%, 41/463) than in the non-radix entomolaris group(7.87%, 104/1 322), P>0.05.The distance between MB-ML root orifices was (2.99±0.44)mm in non-MMC group, (3.39±0.49)mm in MMC group, P<0.05. Conclusion The anatomical markers of the pulp chamber of mandibular first molars can help to predict the presence of MMC. Understanding these anatomical landmarks can help physicians reduce missed MMC and prevent excessive cutting of dental structures during clinical practice.

To explore the clinical application and efficacy of CGF combined with hydraulic elevating via alveolar crestal approach to elevate maxillary sinus floor mucosa with residual bone height(RBH) less then 4 mm and simultaneous implantation without bone grafting, and to clarify the application significance of the surgery, in order to provide experience and reference for the diagnosis and treatment of similar cases. A case with insufficient residual bone height(RBH)in the maxillary posterior area was selected.The maxillary sinus floor mucosa was lifted up with hydraulic lifting method combined with CGF via alveolar crestal approach and a dental implant was implanted at the same time without bone grafting. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed to evaluate the clinical outcome, and literature review was conducted at the same time.

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic multi-organ fibroinflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Studies suggest that the proliferation and activation of B cells, T cells and their crosstalk may play important roles in the immune response and fibrosis process of the disease. IgG4-RD can involve multiple organs and systems including the maxillofacial region. Salivary glands are the most frequently involved organs in the oral cavity. In addition, other tissues in the oral cavity can also be affected, and the clinical manifestations are heterogeneous. It is difficult to make accurate clinical diagnosis. To this end, this article searches literature reports of IgG4-RD involving oral tissue in recent years, and reviews the IgG4-RD involving oral cavity from the perspective of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment, combined with the latest diagnostic criteria.

When alveolar corticotomy and bone graft are combined to assist orthodontic treatment, it is called periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics(PAOO). PAOO has been demonstrated to accelerate the orthodontic tooth movement as well as augment periodontal hard tissue, thereby reducing periodontal complications and enhancing the long-term stability of orthodontics. In order to achieve successful bone augmentation, the use of bone graft materials and associated technologies is essential. This paper will review the progress ofresearchon the application of bone graft materials and technologies to help fix grafts in PAOO.

Given the issues of poor operating habits and unfamiliarity with procedures among dental students during clinical internships, enhancing their clinical skills is vital. The use of animal models in dental laboratory teaching serves as a crucial component of preclinical training for dental students and therefore related research requires attention. The article focuses on critical disciplines such as prosthodontics, oral maxillofacial surgery, and periodontics, and uses laboratory teaching examples such as occlusion experiments, facial suturing, cleft lip and palate reconstruction surgery, and periodontal flap surgery to explore previous animal models used for laboratory teaching in various disciplines of dentistry. It also introduces potential animal models, and summarizes and evaluates their advantages and challenges in dental education and laboratory teaching. The aim of this review is to promote the educational reform of dental experiments and improve the clinical operating skills of dental students.

Extrinsic tooth discoloration refers to the pigmentation on tooth surface caused by food. Severe extrinsic tooth coloring in children causes esthetic problems, disturbing children and their families. Recently, an increasing number of children in China suffer from exogenous tooth discoloration. Scholars at home and abroad carry out a series of studies on the formation mechanism and prevention measures of children extrinsic tooth discoloration. This article summarized the formation mechanism, bacterial interaction, prevention and treatment of children extrinsic tooth discoloration, in order to provide reference for clinical treatment.

The stability of the hybrid layer formed by adhesive resin systems and dentin collagen fibrils is critical to the success of dentine restoration. The hydrolysis of dentin collagen fibrils by endogenous dentin proteases is responsible for the failure of dentin bonding. Studies have shown than chitosan and its derivatives, as an innovative biomaterial in dentin bonding, could enhance dentin bond strength and the durability of resin-dentin bond. This article reviewed the properties, mechanism and research progress of chitosan and its derivatives in dentin bonding.

Photobiomodulation therapy(PBMT) is a therapeutic method that uses photon energy to affect biological metabolism. As a non-invasive non-drug therapy, it can relieve pain, control inflammation and promote tissue repair. In recent years, the research on the application of PBMT in oral diseases is increasing. Radiation-induced oral mucositis(RTOM) is one of the common complications after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, with an incidence of 80%-100%. The main clinical manifestations of RTOM are burning pain and ulceration in the mouth, which can lead to severe pain in the submucosa and affect patients’ drinking and eating. Radiotherapy was interrupted in 11% of patients because they could not tolerate RTOM. Related clinical trials have reported that PBMT has a certain effect on relieving RTOM pain and promoting tissue healing. This article reviews the mechanism of PBMT in the treatment of RTOM.

Immediate implant is widely used in the treatment of dentition defect for its short healing cycle, less visits and high patient satisfaction. When patients with defect of labial bone plates need immediate implantation of anterior teeth, appropriate surgical methods should be adopted for different defects to ensure the clinical and aesthetic effect of immediate implantation. Based on this, this paper describes the causes, classification and research progress of immediate implant treatment of labial bone plate defect.

The size and morphology of the dental arch and basal bone have become important parameters for orthodontists in diagnosing malocclusion, designing treatment plan, and evaluating the therapeutic efficacy. Defining the transverse characteristics of dental arch and basal bone in patients with different malocclusions, as well as the factors affecting them, is beneficial for orthodontists to control treatment. Therefore, this paper reviews methods for measuring the dental arch and basal bone, transverse characteristics of the dental arch and basal bone in patients with different malocclusions, and factors influencing them.