Drug-induced pemphigus is a special type of pemphigus. In those cases, the disease is generally mild and will accelerate or relapse after taking the culprit drug again. The drugs have been proved to play a definite role in the pathogenesis of those patients. According currently reports, the number of DIP cases and the types of drugs are increasing, including thiol drugs and nonthiol drugs. In most of studies, researchers consider that its pathogenesis relates to genetic and the culprit drug, and the culprit drug includes both biochemical and immunologic. The clinical manifestations are not specific, relating to the type of drug, and mainly show foliaceus variety and vulgaris variety. New auxiliary diagnostic method (in vitro interferon-gamma release test) has been used to determine the culprit drug and provides an important reference. 32-2B mucosal immunostaining provides important information for the diagnosis and prognosis of drug-induced pemphigus.

Objective　To prepare gold nanoparticles（GNPs）and to discuss their biocompatibility preliminarily. Methods　GNPs were synthesized by reduction method, the shape and optical properties of which were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Vis. Then, the cell toxicity of GNPs was measured by MTT assay in vitro and H & E stain was used to observe the changes in heart, liver, spleen and kidney tissues between BABL/c mouse which were injected with GNPs and control in vivo. Results　The TEM and UV-Vis results showed narrowed distribution of the diameters of spherical gold nanoparticles. In vitro MTT assay and in vivo H & E stain both showed that GNPs were safe and biocompatible with no significant toxicity. Conclusions　Gold nanoparticles were successfully produced with good biocompatibility, revealing potential prospects of clinical applications.

Objective　 Oral mucosa irritation and subcutaneous implantation tests were launched to study the histocompatibility of micro-arc oxidized Zr-Cu-Al-Ag bulk metallic glass (BMG). Methods　 Referring to the "biological test method for oral materials - oral mucosa irritation" published by National Institute of Drug Administration in 1995, and "biological evaluation of medical devices - Part sixth: local reaction after implantation" (10993-6:1994 ISO) in 1994, original BMG , micro-arc oxidized BMG and titanium alloy samples with dimension of Φ5╳0.5 mm2 for oral mucosa irritation and Φ1.5╳5 mm2 for subcutaneous implantation were prepared, respectively. Results　 The result of oral mucous membrane irritation test showed that all samples did not have local or systemic adverse reactions and the histopathological findings were also normal; the subcutaneous implant test displayed that the Zr-Cu-Al-Ag alloy had no apparent toxicity. After specimens was implanted one week, local tissue was found to be slightly red and swollen, and the biopsies showed a few of inflammatory cells; 4、12 weeks later, it was showed the inflammatory response gradually reduced as time prolonged, the formation process of fiber coated from loose to tight. The micro-arc oxidized Zr-base BMG is coated by fiber which is more dense than the comparative group. Conclusions　 As a new type of dental implant materials, the performance of Zr-base BMG is excellent, but its biological inert hindered the application of this material. Micro-arc oxidation treatment effectively reduces the biological inert of Zr-base BMG, while maintaining the excellent properties of Zr-base BMG at the same time, and good histocompatibility is obtained.

Objective To study the effect of adding Tetrapod-like Zinc Oxide Whisker (T-ZnOw) on the antibacterial property of alginate impression materials. Methods T-ZnOw was added into the alginate impression materials in different proportions, including 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%. The effect of antibacterial properties on Candida albicans was detected by sticking method. Results The experimental group and the control group were statistically significant (P＜0.05). As the dosage increased, the antibacterial rate increased. When the dosage was as much as 5%, the antibacterial rate was more than 99%. Conclusion Adding T-ZnOw can increase the antibacterial property, and 5% is the optimum dosage.

Objective To investigate the effect of Ginsenoside Rg3 on proliferation and apoptosis in human salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cells. Methods SACC-M cells were treated with Ginsenoside Rg3 (10 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 150 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL) for 24, 48, 72 h respectively. The inhibition of cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay, and the rate of apoptosis was measured by flow cytometer. The activity of NF-κB was measured by EMSA. Results 10-200 μg/mL Ginsenoside Rg3 could significantly inhibit the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of SACC-M cells. 200 μg/mL Ginsenoside Rg3 could induce the highest rate of apoptosis(88.69%). The results of Real-time PCR proved that Ginsenoside Rg3 could induce the expression level of bax and caspae-3. EMSA assay indicated that Ginsenoside Rg3 could suppress the activity of NF-κB. Conclusion Ginsenoside Rg3 could increase the expression level of bax and caspase-3 through inhabiting theactivity of NF-κB, thus finally suppressing the proliferation and then inducing apoptosis in SACC-M cells.

Abstract：　Objective　By adding a strontium intensived bioactive glass to the orthodontic enamel adhesive resin and testing its antibacterial property and mechanical property, the study was trying to seek the proper proportion which can provide the theoretical basis for orthodontic clinical application. Methods　1%, 2%, 3%, 2% and 5%(mass fraction) of strontium intensived bioactive glass were respectively added into the enamel adhesive resin and were numbered as five experimental groups: group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and there was a control group: group 0 without adding strontium intensived of bioactive glass.Bacteriostatic ring method and sticking membrane?method were used to test the antimicrobial activity and the universal testing machine was used to test the shear strength of each group above; the study also observed and recorded the adhesive residue index (ARI). Results　Bacteriostatic ring did not appeare among all groups and sticking membrane?method measured the antibacterial rate indicating that the antibacterial rate of group 4 and group 5 were 99.9%. These two groups had strong antimicrobial properties. The shear strength of experimental groups had significant difference(P<0.05) comparing to control group 0 but the difference among experimental groups had no statistical significance (P>0.05), and the shear strength of each group can meet the clinical needs. The tooth surface of experimental groups and control group had enamel adhesive resin residual and ARI scores were from 2 to 4 and the ARI results had no statistically significant difference among groups (P>0.05). Conclusions　Adding 4%(mass fraction) of strontium intensived bioactive glass to orthodontic enamel adhesive resin had strong antibacterial effect and the shear strength can meet the need of orthodontic clinical but it had no effect on the amount of adhesive resin residue of enamel surface .

Objective To evaluate the effect of sandblasting conditions including sandblasting time, sandblasting pressure and sandblasting alumina powder size on shear bond strength between zirconia core and veneer indirect composite resin. Methods 250 zirconia bars were randomly divided into 25 groups according to different sandblasting conditions. The control group did not receive sandblasting. Shear bond strengths between zirconia and indirect composite resin were measured and compared for each group using universal testing machine. Also, fracture mode of each group was observed. Results The shear bond strength was significantly increased as the size of alumina powder and sandblasting time increased (P < 0.0001; P < 0.0001). The shear bond strength was significantly increased from 0.1 MPa to 0.2 MPa (P = 0.036) and did not significantly change with a sandblasting pressure from 0.2 MPa to 0.4 MPa (P = 0.609) or from 0.4 MPa to 0.6 MPa (P = 0.689). The possibilities of the fracture mode type C were higher as the bonding strength increased. Conclusion A sandblasting condition of 21s, 0.2 MPa, and 110μm is recommended for dental application to improve the bonding between zirconia and indirect composite resin.

[Abstract] Objective In our previous study ，we have demonstrated that the two-incision fistula operation was an effective and safe as a treatment for oral ranulas. Following the previous study, we try to explore the mechanism of the two-incision fistula technique for the treatment of oral ranulas, which may be a new treatment for the retention cyst. Methods A total of 19 patients were enrolled. All of the cases were oral ranulas. Minimally invasive treatment of oral ranulas was performed by the two-incision fistula technique. Two paralleled incisions were initially made at the apex of cyst of sublingual gland. After the mucus had drained, the incision was sutured with the middle mucosal strip in the cyst. Results 16 cases were cured and there were no complications. 3 cases recurred, but disappeared after a second operation. There were 14 patients whose wound dehiscence and 5 patients whose suture were safe after 7 days for operation. For the 3 patients recurred, there were 1 patient whose wound was dehiscence and 2 patients whose suture were safe. Conclusion Two-incision fistula technique is a new treatment to oral ranulas. The operation mechanism may be related to the formation of fistula on the surface of suturing the mucosa or mucosal fistula because of the thin mucosa after wound dehiscence.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of maxillary protraction and tongue crib in the treatment of skeletal class III high angle with the tongue thrust habit cases. Methods Using cephalometric analysis technique to analyze the seven patients’ soft and hard tissue changes after maxillary protraction and tongue crib treatment. Results Anterior teeth of all the patients got the normal overjet, normal or slightly shallow overbite. Maxilla grew forward, mandible moved back. The mandibular plane angle had no significant change. The discrepancy between maxilla and mandible were improved. The nasolabial angle reduced and face significantly improved．Conclusions Maxillary protraction and tongue crib treatments can effectively treat the skeletal class Ill high angle patients with the tongue thrust habit.

Abstract：Objective: To evaluate the orthopaedic effect of presurgical nasal-alveolar molding（PNAM）on the nasolabial deformities in the bilateral complete cleft lip and palate infants .Methods: 20 cases were born 10 days-3 months with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate were underwent the PNAM treatment . Bilateral upper lip crack width, the length between the level of cleft lip and anterior nasal process, columellar length , cleft lip angle were measured before and after treatment, and statistically analyzed by SPSS21.0 software. Results: After treatment of PNAM for 3-4 months, bilateral upper lip crack width, the length between the level of cleft lip and anterior nasal process were significantly decreased. Columellar length was statistically significantly increased. Cleft lip angle was decreased, but no statistics significance. Nose shape was substantially symmetrical, the alae of the nose recovery is not obvious, columellar position located in the middle of the face. Conclusion: PNAM treatment can effectively decrease the width of the upper lip crack of bilateral cleft lip and palate, depress anterior nasal process, elongate columella, improve the appearance of the nose and reduce the difficulty of operation.

Objective It was to evaluate the outcome of marsupialization with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in treatment of keratocysticodontogenic tumors (KCOT). Methods Eighteen patients with KCOT in jaw were treated with marsupialization. Obturator was used to keep drainage open. Eighteen cases were divided into two groups: the cavity was rinsed by EGCG solution in eightcases and by normal saline (NS) in the other ten ones. Panoramic radiograph and CT were taken every two months follow-up. Volume of the cavity was evaluated and curettage was given as the diameter of the cavity was less than 2centimeters.Results Thediameter of the cavity was less than 2centimeters in six to eight months after marsupialization in the group with EGCG and curettage treatment was given to take off the left cyst wall. It need twelve to sixteen months to take curettage in the group with NS. The duration of marsupialization with EGCG was significantly less than that with NS, P＜0.05. Conclusion Marsupialization with EGCG was an effective method to treat KCOT and could obviously reduce the duration of treatment.

Objective To compare the clinical effect of using electrotome with that of gingival retraction methods in the treatment of wedge-shaped defects. Methods 80 teeth with wedge-shaped defects at subgingival depth of 0~2 mm were selected and divided into 2 groups. One was treated with electrotome while the other was treated with gingival retraction method. All the defects were filled with composite resin. All cases were followed up for half a year and a year. The results were evaluated by modified USPHS criteria to analyze the differences. Results According to the observation in half a year and a year, in the terms of marginal adaption and marginal discolor, the group in the treatment with electrotome performed better than the other one (P <0.05). After half a year, in the terms of gingival response, the group in the treatment with electrotome performed more severely than the other one (P <0.05), but no significant differences were detected in the 1-year follow-up (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in other aspects between the half-a-year follow-up and a-year follow up (P>0.05). Conclusion In the treatment of non-carious cervical lesions, when it comes to marginal adaption and marginal discolor, using electrotome is more effective than using gingival retraction method.

Abstract: Objective To analyze the effect of basic treatment, orthodontics and prosthodontic treatment on the aesthetic reconstruction of gingival papilla of the incisor area in patients with periodontal disease. Methods 31 cases of patients with deep overbite and periodontal disease caused by previous bad repair were selected, and they were treated with a comprehensive method composed of basic treatment, orthodontics and prosthodontic treatment. Changes of the related indexes of the gingival papilla were observed before and after treatment. Results After basic treatment, PD, GI, PLI, SBI, and GAL in patients were significantly lower before treatment (P<0.05). At the moment when orthodontics was completed, and six months after prosthodontic treatment, PD, GI, PLI, SBI, and GAL in patients were also significantly lower before treatment (P<0.05), but the difference was not statistically significant compared to the changes of indexes after basic treatment (P>0.05). After 6 months of prosthodontic treatment, the distribution of the gingival papilla index was significantly better than that at the moment when the treatment was completed (Z=-4.327, P<0.001). After 6 months of treatment, the value of PH in patients was significantly higher than that at the moment when the treatment was completed and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The treatment of periodontal disease with the combination of basic treatment, orthodontic treatment and prosthodontic treatment has good curative effect, which can significantly improve the patients' anterior dental aesthetics.

Objective: To compare the dentofacial changes produced by refined Sabbagh Universal Spring (SUS2) in late adolescent patients with Class II malocclusion, and quantify them in comparison with patients treated by traditional appliance. Method: The study was carried out on two group Class II patients. McNamara cephalometric analysis was performed on each lateral cephalometric radiograph. Results: The effects of both appliances were dentoalveolar. The refined SUS2 group and traditional group both reduce the distance of A to N-FH, the value is 0.6 and 0.4mm. Lower 1 horizontal to FOP move forward at 0.3 and 1.5mm. As to Lower 1 –Apo, the change of the two group is 0.6 and 2.5mm(P＜0.05) Conclusions: Both appliances corrected Class II discrepancies through dentoalveolar changes; however refined SUS2 appliance can promote mandible forward more early before leveling the teeth as traditional method.

Abstract: Objective To analyze and compare the precision among three methods of cavity preparation. Methods The dental implant on the resin patterns based on the bilateral posterior teeth loss was located by employing the simple template of dental implant centered on repair. Then the traditional method of preparing cavity by using twist drill step by step, the Br?nemark method of cavity preparation and the method of preparing cavity by using multistep drill separately were applied to simulate an external cavity preparation for implant on the epoxy patterns. Lastly, the angle and deviation value between plant holes and templates after applying three methods were measured. Results The deviation value existed in all the methods, among which the traditional method of preparing cavity by using twist drill step by step showed the most significant one (7.06°±0.37°), followed the method of preparing cavity by using multistep drill (4.84°±0.75°) and then the Br?nemark method of cavity preparation (2.68°±0.77°). Conclusion Directed by simple template of dental implant centered on repair, Br?nemark method demonstrates the highest precision, so it is the most suitable method of performing the operation with template.

Abstract: Dens invaginatus, also known as dens in dente, mainly occurs in maxillary lateral incisors. This report is about the case of Oehlers II dens invaginatus, accompanied by apical which is not fully developed. An incomplete root canal treatment was done before. The root canal morphology and periapical damage of the maxillary lateral incisor were taken by the Digital Periapical Radiographs and Cone-beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).Then the case was diagnosed and the root canal treatment was redone. The treatment achieved good clinical prognosis in this case.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the caries prevalence of permanent teeth among the Yi students aged 7~14 years old at Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of caries for the primary and middle school students in the area. Methods According to the caries diagnostic criteria of WHO, stratified sampling, random sampling and cluster sampling were used in the survey. The caries status of 954 Yi students aged 7, 9, 12 and 14 years old was examined. The result was statistically analyzed by SPSS 13.0. Results The total caries prevalence rate of the permanent teeth was 43.50% and DMFT was 1.21. The prevalence rate of girls was 50.52%, which was higher than that of boys (36.48%). The difference was statistically significant (P＜0.01). The permanent teeth caries prevalence increased obviously with age. The dental caries concentrated in the first permanent molar, and it occurred more in the mandibles than in the maxillaries. The total filling rate of dental caries is zero. Conclusions The caries status of the permanent teeth among Yi students at Liangshan prefecture is serious, and there are no prevention and treatment, so that their oral health care should be paid great attention.

Abstract: Objective This meta-analysis was to compare the effectiveness of mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA) and calcium hydroxide (CH) as direct pulp capping materials in human permanent teeth which exposed pulps by cariously. Methods A search of literatures about clinical efficacy of MTA versus CH in direct pulp capping in Pubmed, Embase, CMCC, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang databases was conducted from inception to July 15th,2015 . The quality of included studies was stringently evaluated and data were analyzed by the RevMan 5.3 software．Results After selection, 9 studies were included. There was no significant heterogeneity between studies. A fixed-effects model was used. The MTA treatment groups showed a significantly higher success rate compared with CH-capped groups (odds ratio [OR] = 3.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.54–5.26; P ＜0 .00001). Conclusions MTA has a higher success rate than CH. MTA appears to be a suitable replacement of CH used for direct pulp capping.

Good biocompatibility of dental resin composites is an important criterion to ensure the safety and effectiveness of their clinical application. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay, one of the most common biological evaluation and screening tests, is instructive for theclinical application of dental resin composites. This paper reviewed the progress inthe in vitro cytotoxicity test methods.

The resin infiltration is an important dental restorative method in endodontic practice. This approach is minimally invasive, painless, aesthetic, and permeable. Therefore, it is widely used in treating initial caries and enamel white spots. Moreover, the combination application with other approaches is also extensively reviewed.

Pemphigus is an autoimmune bullous disease affecting the skin and mucosa.The basic pathological change is acantholysis. Desmoglein (Dsg) antibodies in the serum of patients is the immunological indicator for the diagnosis of pemphigus and correlates with illness changes. Glucocorticoid is the first choice for treatment.However, how to develop the best therapy relies on a stable and reasonable scoring system with an accurate assessment of disease severity.In this article, we will report the advances in the diagnosis, scoring system and treatment of pemphigus in recent years.

The occurrence of initial lesions is a dynamic progress of enamel demineraliation and remineralization. The key to treat initial caries lesions is to prevent the progress of demineralization. Resin infiltration as a new material with low viscosity and small surface tension can inhibits further caries progression when it infiltrates into subsurface carious pore volume of enamel and forms a barrier. In recent years, resin infiltration technology has been a new way for treatment of initial caries lesions. It is easier for the patients to accept with the advantages of minimally invasion and painless. This systematic review revealed that resin infiltration appears to be an effective method to arrest the progress of initial caries lesion. Additionally, long-term studies are required.

With the fast development of modern technology,lasers have been applied in various aspects in stomatology because of its outstanding characteristics.Lasers are not only used to deal with oral soft tissues,but also with dental hard tissues.However,statistics of animal models shoud be the guidance before being applied in clinical.This article is to make a review at the progression on the applications of common lasers in animal models for the endodontics.