Objective To compare the differences of autophagy between drug-resistant strains and standard strains of planktonic Candida albicans, and to explore the role of autophagy in drug resistance in Candida albicans. Methods RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of autophagy-related genes between the drug-resistant strains and the standard strains. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity detection was performed to evaluate the level of autophagy between the two strains. The autophagosomes of the strains was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results RT-qPCR results showed that the expression of autophagy-related genes was significantly different between the drug-resistant strains and the standard strains. ALP activity showed that compared with standard strains, the drug-resistant strains increased significantly. Autophagosomes were observed in drug-resistant strains under the transmission electron microscopy. Conclusion: The autophagy of the drug-resistant strains of Candida albicans was different from that of the standard strains and the emergence of drug resistance in Candida albicans may be regulated by autophagy.

Abstract：　Objective To study the effects of cbfα1 gene transfection on human gingival fibroblasts(hGFs). Methods To construct Lentivirus expression vector with the target gene cbfα1,and its construction was verified by enzyme digestion and sequencing. 293T cells were used to package the virus and the virus concentration was determined. The cbfα1 gene was transfected into human gingival fibroblasts by lentivirus. The hGFs were divided into three groups: Lentivirus plenti6.3-cbfα1- Ires-EGFP (pl-cbfα1) (experimental group), plenti6.3- Ires-EGFP (pl-E) (empty vector group), and the untransfected normal hGFs group. The expression of cbfα1 gene were determined by fluorescence real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Expressions of osteogenic genes BSP, OPN, ColI and OC in each group were detected by fluorescence real-time quantitative PCR. Results The results showed that the lentivirus with aim gene was able to infect human gingival fibroblasts successfully, and cbfα1 mRNA and protein were synthesized in the gingival fibroblasts. It was also found that the expressions of osteogenic genes BSP, OPN, ColI and OC in experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control groups(P<0.05). Conclusion The exogenous gene cbfα1 can be expressed in human gingival fibroblasts and promote its transformation to osteoblasts. This study was laying a foundation for further research on the role of this gene and seed cells in periodontal tissue regeneration engineering.

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on proliferation, apoptosis and osteogenic differentiation of mouse osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1). Methods Cell counting kit-8 and TUNEL method were used to detect the effects of HGF on proliferation and apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells at different concentrations (10 ng/mL and 25 ng/mL). The control group and the experimental group (25 ng/mL) were set and the mineralization capacity of the cells was detected by alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining. The mRNA and protein expression levels of osteogenesis related factors were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. Results HGF at a concentration of 25 ng/mL promoted cell proliferation at 48 h and 72 h, and inhibited apoptosis at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. The size and number of calcium nodules in the experimental group were significantly higher than that in the control group which means the degree of mineralization was significantly increased. The mRNA and protein expression levels of osteogenesis related factors including ALP, OCN, Runx2 and OSX in the experimental group were significantly increased than those in the control group. Conclusions HGF can promote the proliferation and the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and inhibited their apoptosis.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the effects of Rheum officinale in combination with Scutellaria baicalensis extracts on the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), C-reactive protein (CRP) and the promotion of bone tissue regeneration in SD rats with periodontitis. Methods: Periodontitis models in SD rats were prepared by using wire ligatures and P.g W83 bacterial. 100 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham-operation group (Sham), periodontitis (P), Rheum officinale extracts (DH), Scutellaria baicalensis extracts (HQ), Rheum officinale in combination with Scutellaria baicalensis extracts (DH+HQ). The images of immunopathology, the contents of PGE2 and CRP and the regeneration of alveolar bone were measured after 4 weeks using different drugs. Results: After building periodontitis models in SD rats, the inflammation symptoms and bone resorption of periodontium were obvious, and the contents of PGE2 and CRP were also higher than Sham group (P < 0.05). The osteoblast formation was increased, the levels of PGE2 and CRP were significantly reduced, increased the bone morphometry parameters and local alveolar bone regeneration also increased in in DH+HQ combination group than other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Combined application of Rheum officinale and Scutellaria baicalensis extracts can remarkably reduce the contents of PGE2 and CRP, improve the parameters of bone histomorphometry and increase bone regeration, which is better than single application of Rheum officinale or Scutellaria baicalensis extracts.

Objective To evaluate the effect of different endodontics cavity accesses on stress distribution of endodontics treated mandibular first molar with a three dimension finite element analysis Methods With Micro-CT scans of an intact mandibular first molar，four finite element analysis models of mandibular first molar are designed and constructed. An intact teeth model (group A)，a contracted endodontic cavity model (group B), a model traditional endodontic cavity without straight way established (group C),a traditional endodontic cavity model with straight way established (group D). Endodontics treated Models were filled with gutta pertcha and then restored with resin. All models were subjected with four different forces. The stress distribution patterns and the maximum Von Mises (VM) stresses were calculated and compared. Results The peak VM stress of vertical force: C > D > B > A, the peak VM stress of horizontal force: B > A> C > D , the peak VM stress of 45 °force: D > B > C > A, the peak VM stress of the largest bite force: C > D > A > B. Except the stress loading points, the stress concentration area is mainly located in PCD. Conclusion With the limitation of this study，the resistance to fracture of endodontics treated mandibular first molar with CECs is better when vertical force was submitted. To preserve more PCD is positive to improve the resistance to fracture of endodontics treated mandibular first molar.

Objective　To evaluate the influence of thickness on the translucency parameters and light transmittance of Bulk-fill composites. Methods　Two Bulk-fill composite (Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill and Filtek Bulk-fill Flowable) and two traditional light-cured resin composite (Filtek Z100) were tested in this study. Each composite with different thickness (1、2、3 and 4mm) were prepared (n= 5 per group) and then, the L*, a* and b* values of each sample were analyzed with a spectrophotometer, which was used to calculate the translucency parameter (TP) with different thickness on black and white background. Furthermore, the light transmittance (T) of each resin at different thickness was measured. The results of each test were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test using SPSS 21.0 software package. Results　For the four resins composites studied in this experiment, there is a trend of decreasing translucency parameter and light transmittance as the thickness increased. For the same thickness, the translucency parameters and light transmittance of Tetric N-ceram Bulk Fill and Filtek Bulk-fill Flowable were significantly higher than that of Filtek Z100 and Filtek Z250 (P<0.05). Conclusions　The transparency parameter and light transmittance of Tetric N-ceram Bulk Fill and Filtek Bulk-fill Flowable decreased with increasing thickness, but were significantly higher than that of Filtek Z100 and Filtek Z250.

Objective　To preliminarily explore the effects of curcumin on acid production and acid tolerance of Streptococcus mutans. Methods The dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of curcumin on S.mutans. The effects of curcumin with different concentrations (1/8 MIC, 1/4 MIC, 1/2 MIC) on acid production and acid tolerance were investigated. The acid production was detected by glycolytic pH drop assay and acid tolerance was detected by the survival rate in acid condition (pH 3.0 glycine). The gene expression of ldh (Lactate dehydrogenase) was detected by real time PCR. Results The MIC of curcumin on S.mutans was 100 mmol/L. With the increasing concentrations of curcumin, it increased pH values by glycolytic pH drop assay, decreased the survival rate in acid condition and down-regulated ldh gene expression. Conclusions Curcumin can inhibit acid production and acid tolerance of S. mutans.

Objective　To investigate the clinical effect and complications of the precise treatment of trigeminal neuralgia by percutaneous microsphere compression under the guidance of DSA (digital subtraction angiography). Methods Thirty patients with trigeminal neuralgia in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. After comprehensive consideration of indications and communication, microsphere compression technology was selected under the guidance of DSA to treat trigeminal neuralgia accurately. After treatment, the patients were evaluated by Brisman standard. The clinical efficiency and the incidence of complications in half a year were observed. Results Pain relief was achieved in 26 patients, delayed relief in 3 patients, and the clinical effective rate was 96.7%. There was no significant or ineffective pain relief in 1 patient (3.3%), no death and other serious complications. All patients were followed up for half a year. One patient had dyskinesia of masticatory muscle. The other patients had no serious complications except a little facial hypoesthesia. Conclusion The precise treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with microsphere compression under the guidance of DSA can effectively reduce the pain of patients with high success rate and reduce postoperative complications, which is a safe and feasible treatment.

Objective: Observe the adhesive residue around the implant restoration after using different bonding methods, to analyze and compare the clinical effects of various bonding methods. Methods: 90 locking-taper implants were implanted on the posterior teeth from June 2018 to June 2019 were randomly divided into rubber barrier group(group A), adhesive substitute group(group B) and direct adhesive group(group C), each group was divided into three subgroups according to the relationship between crown edge and gingiva. All selected cases were bonded in the mouth, remove the excess adhesive visible to the naked eye and X-ray was taken to confirm the absence of adhesive residue. The abutment and crown were then removed to observe and record the adhesive residue. Finally, the abutment crown was placed in the mouth after removing the residual adhesive. Results: The deeper the crown edge is under the gum, the more adhesive remains. There were statistically significant differences in adhesive residues between different subgroups of each group. When the crown edge was at the same subgingival depth, there was no significant difference in adhesive residues between group A and group B. There was no significant difference in adhesive residues between the three groups when the crown edge was at the level of the gingiva. Conclusion: The position of the crown edge would affect the adhesive residue, and the deeper the subgingival depth, the more adhesive residue. When the crown edge is located under the gingiva, both the rubber barrier method and the adhesive substitution method can effectively reduce the amount of adhesive residue, but the adhesive substitution method is more convenient to operate and has a better effect on reducing adhesive residue.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between moderately or severely chronic periodontitis and CHD, and the possible role of AM (including ICAM-1,VCAM-1,P-selectin and E-selectin) in the association between the two diseases. Methods: The subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the diagnostic angiography and periodontal examination.55 cases that originally diagnosed as coronary heart disease were delected, including 24 cases of coronary artery disease along with periodontitis ( Group PD+CHD)，31 cases of coronary heart disease alone (Group CHD);Group PD was made up of 35 patients suffering moderate to advanced periodontitis.Group HC was 39 healthy volunteers.The general information about periodontal status of all the subjects were recorded and blood samples were withdrawed.The level of HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, Triglyceride (TG), ICAM-1, VCAM-1,E-selectin and P-selectin were detected. Results: 1. The study has shown increased incidence of coronary heart disease（OR=2.555, 95%CI:1.096-5.958) in patients with moderate and sever periodontal disease. 2.The differences of ICAM-1,VCAM-1,P-selectin and E-selectin levels among enrolled groups have statistical significance (P<0.05) by ANOVA. The AM levels in moderate or severe periodontitis patients were higher than healthy controls. Conclusion: 1. Periodontal diseases may be a risk factor of CHD. 2. Moderately or severely periodontal infection can influence the AM levels which may in turn affect the initiation and progression of CHD and may be a risk factor for CHD.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects of two methods for the treatment of stains caused by dental fluorosis. Methods Twenty patients with dental fluorosis were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Ten patients in group A included 148 teeth, and 10 patients in group B included 146 teeth. The included teeth were classified as light, moderate or severe according to the CMYK colorimetric value. Teeth in group A used Opalustre microgrinding combined with Opalescence Boost clinic whitening, and teeth in group B used Opalustre microgrinding combined with Opalescence family whitening. Their whitening effects, the sensitivity, the sensitive duration and the patient's satisfaction level immediately and one week after the surgery were evaluated. Results After treatment, the total effective rate of group A was 88.5%, and that of group B was 95.2%, with significant statistical difference (P=0.026<0.05). Immediately after surgery, 1 case in group A was not sensitive, 2 cases were mildly sensitive, 2 cases were moderately sensitive, and 5 were severely sensitive. In group B, 3 cases had no sensitivity, 6 cases were mildly sensitive, and 1 case was moderately sensitive. There was a statistical difference between the two groups (P=0.037<0.05). One week after treatment, 8 patients in group A were non-sensitive, 2 patients were slightly sensitive. 7 patients in group B were non-sensitive, and 3 patients were slightly sensitive. There was no statistical difference between the two groups (P=0.500>0.05). The average sensitivity time of group A was 3.80±2.440 days, and that of group B was 4.60±3.718 days. There was no statistical difference between the two groups (P=0.576>0.05). The average satisfaction of group A was 3.00±0.816, and that of group B was 3.40±0.516 with no significant difference between the two (P=0.207>0.05). Conclusion Considering the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods, it is recommended to use microgrinding and family whitening to treat stains of dental fluorosis.

Objective：To observe the preventive and therapeutic effect of medical radiation protective spray (Bergman) on radiation-induced oral mucositis in head and neck tumors.Methods:A retrospective analysis was made of 82 patients with head and neck malignant tumors treated with radiotherapy, 42 of whom were treated with Kangfuxin liquid orally and mouthwash only as control group, and 40 cases were treated with Bergman spraying on oral mucosal surface as experimental group on the basis of control group. Both groups were treated with conventional fractionated intensity modulated radiation therapy. The dose of CTV was 65-70 Gy/36f.Result: Acute oral mucositis occurred in both groups during radiotherapy. 77.5% of the patients in the experimental group were exposed to radiation dose (≥40 Gy), while 69.05% in the control group were exposed to radiation dose （＜40Gy) (P＜0.05); the severity of oral mucositis in the experimental group (incidence of grade 2 and 3 radioactive oral mucositis) was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.01); the body mass of the experimental group before and after radiotherapy was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.01). The degree of weight reduction was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Preventive application of medical radiation protective spray (Bergman) can delay the occurrence of acute radiation oral mucositis, reduce the severity of oral mucositis, reduce the weight loss during radiotherapy, and prevent and treat oral mucositis safely and effectively.

Objective　To investigate the clinical application significance of mandibular positioning template and connecting template manufactured by three-dimensional printing technique in mandibular reconstruction. Methods Six patients requiring a mandibular reconstruction were included in the study. The mandible was reconstructed and guided by the positioning template and connecting template, which were manufactured by three-dimensional printing technique before surgery. The patient's CT data were collected for 3D image reconstruction to establish an individualized three-dimensional coordinate system, and the preoperative and postoperative three-dimensional coordinate data of the relevant mandibular landmarks were measured for comparison to analyze the condylar displacement. All the patients were followed up regularly to evaluate its clinical application value. Results After the follow-up, all patients had satisfactory facial appearance, normal mouth opening, correct functional occlusal relations, and no TMJ symptoms were observed. In each three-dimensional direction, the maximum mean value of displacement was 1.08 mm, which was the movement of the right mandibular condyle in the left-right direction. The maximum standard deviation was 0.82, and the maximum standard error was 0.33, which was clinically acceptable. Conclusion Mandibular positioning template and connecting template can restore the correct spatial position of the condyles and preserve the original dimensions of the reconstructed mandible, which makes the condyle return to normal state, and greatly improves the accuracy and aesthetics of mandibular reconstruction.

Objective To investigation the deciduous crossbite in Changning districe of Shanghai，thus to provide theoretical basis for prevention and treatment of malocclusion. Methods Randomly select one street in the east, middle and west of Changning District. 2 kindergartens were randomly selected from each street. Based on individual normal defects. Investigation of deciduous teeth in 830 children aged 4-6 years in 6 kindergartens. Statistical analysis of data using spss19.0. Results Prevalence of deciduous crossbite was 12.41%. There is no significant difference between male and female children aged 4 and 5 years old. The deciduous rate of 6-year-old girls is significantly higher than that of boys. The main manifestation of deciduous crossbite is that individual anterior crossbite. accounts for 44.66%. The treatment rate of deciduous crossbite only 1.94%. Conclusion Deciduous crossbite is common oral diseases in preschool children. The rate of 6-year-old children is significantly higher than that of 4 and 5 years old. Early treatment is recommended for 3-4 years old.

Objective　To explore the clinical and social demographic factors impacting the oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) in middle-aged and elderly population in Jiangsu Province during the fourth national oral health survey. Methods A multistage, stratified, equal volume and random sampling method was carried out to conduct oral health questionnaire survey and clinical examination for 35-~74-year-old middle-aged and elderly people in Jiangsu Province according to the investigation methods of the basic methods of WHO oral health survey (Fifth Edition) and the national fourth national oral health epidemiology survey program. The questionnaires, with Mandarin Chinese version of the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI), were completed by the investigators at the scene of the fourth national oral health survey. Results The average GOHAI score of the respondents was 53.29±6.64, including 17.51±2.97 score in physiological function, 12.63±2.15 score in pain and discomfort, and 23.15±2.59 score in psychosocial function. Among the negative effects of each item, “restricting the type and quantity of food” exerted the greatest negative impact and accounted for 16.60%, followed by “sensitive to cold, hot or sweet stimulation”, which accounted for 15.20%. The analysis of the results of the related influencing factors of GOHAI score of the investigated population showed that the average score of GOHAI in the 35-44 age group was higher than that in the 65- to 74-year-old age group. There was a statistically significant correlation between GOHAI score and the gender, education, dental caries number, missing teeth number, gingival bleeding teeth number, teeth with dental calculus number, and the existence of deep periodontal pockets. Conclusion The OHRQoL score of middle and old aged people in Jiangsu is mainly influenced by demographic sociological factors, including gender, education, and dental clinical condition, such as dental caries, dental integrity and periodontal condition. It is important to carry out active prevention and treatment of dental caries and periodontal diseases, promoting the improvement of oral health related quality of life in the elderly.

Root canal system is complicated since it has a lot of variation,especially in the maxillary second molar.This case report presents three maxillary second molar with double palatal canals.

　Schwannomas are mostly derived from the Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve sheath. The tumors are solitary and enveloped, which grow slowly, have clear boundaries with the surrounding tissues and are often benign. Head and neck schwannomas mainly occur in cranial nerves and peripheral nerves, and head, face and tongue soft tissues are the most common; while sympathetic nerves are relatively rare, and neurilemmomas occurring in the mandible are more rare. The early manifestations of this disease are mainly asymptomatic progressive mandibular swelling, and the imaging findings are the shadow of the longitudinal axis of the jaw and the buccal-lingual ossification ring. In the later stage, it can cause numbness of lower lip and atypical imaging characteristics, so it is easy to be misdiagnosed as malignant tumors of mandibular origin. This article reviews the clinical manifestation and history of a schwannoma originating from inferior alveolar nerve, and discusses the clinical features, diagnosis and prognosis of the disease based on literature review.

Graphene oxide (GO) as a derivative of graphene has been a research hotspot in the field of bone tissue engineering because of its high specific surface area, high mechanical properties, high hydrophilicity, etc. This paper reviews the improvement of scaffold material properties, improvement of cell behavior and antibacterial properties by graphene oxide in bone tissue engineering.

Bone defect is one of the clinical challenges, which affects the long-term effects on oral implantation. The development of guided bone regeneration technology has solved this problem to a certain extent. The barrier membrane is the basis and key in guiding bone regeneration technology, but due to the limitations and defects of the current membranes, the emergence of a new generation of modified barrier membrane is urgently needed. As a natural peptide involved in the regulation of all bone regeneration processes, growth factors have been confirmed for the regulation of osteogenic cells and osteogenic effects. The growth factors are loaded on the barrier membranes to improve the osteogenesis effect, and the indications of the treatment of bone defects are expanded, which is an important research and development direction of a new generation of barrier membranes. In this paper, the effects of growth factor type, loading mode, release kinetics and osteogenesis effect of barrier membranes combined with growth factors were reviewed, the difficulties and priorities of future barrier membranes combined with growth factors were prospected, and the evidence for further research on bone regeneration was provided.

Concave profile, a kind of lateral deformity of craniofacial soft tissue, generally manifestates skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion. According to the survey, the prevalence of concave profile in China is as high as 12% [1], and it has special craniofacial morphological characteristics, including abnormalities in soft tissue, bone tissue, tooth tissue and growth trend. Each anomaly has its own three-dimensional orientation. Moreover, for each individual, the degree of deformity is different in the growth and development period, which makes clinical analysis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis more complicated. This article will review the development of craniofacial and its prediction in retrognathism malocclusion patients, in order to provide help for clinical treatment.