Inflammation around osseointegrated implants, including periimplant mucositis and periimplantitis, is one of the major causes of implant failure.The occurrence, development, treatment and prevention of periimplantitis are similar to periodontitis. This article analogizes periimplantitis to periodontitis in the aspects of epidemiology, histopathologic changes, initiating factors, risk factors, treatment and prevention to explore how to better prevent and treat periimplantitis.

Objective To study the effect of culture in vitro on oral microfloral structure and biodiversity. Methods Six healthy and eligible volunteers were selected. Oral bacterial samples were collected and cultured in vitro. Based on Illumina Hiseq sequencing platform, 16S rDNA high throughput sequencing technology was used to study the effect of culture in vitro on human oral microflora, and then the structure and relative abundance of microflora before and after culture were analyzed. Results There were a total of 618 OTUs in this sequencing. Alpha diversity showed that the difference of biodiversity had no statistical significance before and after culture in vitro. Beta diversity showed that no significant difference was observed in bacterial structure. According to the OTUs Venn diagram, there were about 78.4% identical OTUs before and after culture in human oral salivary flora. Conclusion 16S rDNA high throughput sequencing analysis shows that human oral salivary flora has similarity before and after culture in vitro.

Objective To explore the influence of the primer containing two different phosphate monomers, MDP and PENTA, on the adhesion between zirconia ceramics and resin in alkaline environment for different times. Methods Two primers were prepared, containing two phosphate monomers, MDP and PENTA, adding a certain amount of sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH value of 9, and the group without alkaline solution was taken as a positive control. The above primers were placed for 2 h, 1 week and 4 weeks, then they were used to treat zirconia ceramics to measure its shear bond strength (SBS) with resin. The zirconia ceramics powder was treated with different primers placed for different times, and then tested by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) to analyze the surface chemical bond changes. Results Any phosphate ester monomer combined with alkaline solution can lead to the decrease of the value of SBS between zirconia and resin. There was no significant difference in shear bonding strength between zirconia and resin treated by primers containing two phosphate monomers (P＞0.05). The longer the storage time was, the lower the bonding strength was (P＜0.05). Conclusion Application of phosphate monomers mixed with alkaline solution negatively affects the bonding strength between zirconia and resin.

Objective To study the osteogenic differentiation potential of dental follicle stem cell (DFSCs) in virto and the effects of miR335 on the osteogenic differentiation potential of DFSCs. Methods DFSCs were purified through in vitro culture combined with bidirectional differential method. After osteogenesis induction, the osteogenic differentiation potential was determined by alizarin red staining. miR335 expression was analyzed by qRTPCR. Western blot and PCR were used to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation potential of DFSCs after transient transinfection of miR335 mimics or inhibitor. Results DFSCs cultured by bidirectional differential method had osteogenesis ability. miR335 expression in DFSCs was lower than that in osteogenic induced DFSCs. The osteogenic differentiation potential of DFSCs was reduced by miR335 mimics, while promoted by miR335 inhibitor. Conclusion miR335 in virto may have a negative effect on the ostegenic differentiation of DFSCs.

Objective　 To investigate the mechanism of JNK signaling in the formation of mature osteoclasts during tooth eruption in rats by inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway with the specific inhibitor SP600125. Methods SD rat dental follicle cells were isolated and cultured. Different concentrations of SP600125 were used to pretreat cells. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expressions of nuclear factor κB receptor activator ligand and osteoprotegerin gene in DFCs. DFCs and BMMs established a co-culture system and TRAP staining was used to observe the amount of OC. Results SP600125 had no significant effect on the proliferation of DFCs under the concentration range of 20 μmol/L (P>0.05). RT-PCR results showed that after 72 hours of SP600125 intervention, the expression of RANKL gene decreased while that of OPG increased. There were statistical differences compared with the control group (P<0.05). Positive TRAP staining results showed that OC was generated in each group, and the number of OC generated on the 9th day significantly increased compared to the 7th day. The number of osteoclasts decreased in the inhibitor group under different concentrations, and the difference was statistically significant compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion This study clarifies that in rat tooth eruption, SP600125 in some degree inhibits the formation of OC by inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway, which can provide a researh basis for the study of tooth eruption, alveolar bone remodeling and other osteoclast-related oral diseases.

Objective　 To investigate the autophagy-induction effect of 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA) on human dental mesenchymal cells (DMCs). Methods　DMCs were obtained from freshly extracted healthy premolars and third molars from patients (15–22 years old) with orthodontic and preventive teeth extraction. Cells of the 4th-6th generations were treated by different concentrations of HEMA for different periods. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assessment after treated with HEMA (0,2,4,6,8,10,12 mmol/L) for 12, 24, 48 h. Cell phenotype change was detected by Phalloidin staining. AO staining was used to observe the vesicular organelles in DMCs. Western blot assessment was applied to detected the protein expressions of Beclin1, Atg5 and LC3II. Results　The cell viability decreased with HEMA treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The cell phenotype was changed by HEMA treatment. Increasing numbers of vesicular organelles were observed in the cytoplasm of HEMA-treated DMCs. The protein expressions of Beclin1, Atg5 and LC3II were elevated by HEMA treatment in DMCs in dose-dependent manner. Conclusion　HEMA greatly enhances the autophagy induction in a dose –dependent manner, which contributes to the cytotoxicity in DMCs. Its mechanism is associated with the increase of cell autophagy activation levels.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the modified lingual arch in treating the mandibular mesially inclined second molar. Methods Five patients with second molar mesial impact were included in this study. They were dragged and uprighted with modified lingual arch，then the clinical effect was observed and evaluated by panoramic radiograph. Results All of the mesially impacted mandibular second molars were upright and brought into occlusion. The average treatment period was 5 months. Conclusion The modified lingual arch is effective in erecting the mesially impacted mandibular second molar.

Abstract: Objective To evaluate the combined application of CBCT and microscopic ultrasonic technique in management of complicated root canal therapy of premolars and their clinical efficacy. Methods 20 premolars with aberrant canals which could not be successfully managed by conventional methods were selected. CBCT scan was conducted before the operation and the image results were analyzed. Then the exact number, morphology and calcification of the root canals were obtained. Under the dental operating microscope, ultrasonic instruments were used to locate and probe the root canal. The root canals were shaped using Ni-Ti rotary instrumentation and obturated with warm vertical compaction technique. The types of the variant root canal configuration and complications during treatment were recorded. The curative effect was evaluated. Results 19 teeth among 20 were successfully managed with a rate of 95%. There was no ledge, perforation and instrument separation in all cases. The type of multiple canals in 20 premolars was mainly Type V (Type 1-2), followed by type III (type 1-2-1). Conclusions The use of CBCT and dental operating microscope can greatly facilitate successful endodontic therapy in aberrant root canal system of premolars. CBCT plays an important role in guiding the preoperative detection and intraoperative position of the additional root canals.

Objective　To provide reference for clinical application?of miniplate implants assisting maxillary complex for maxillary protraction treatment. Methods　Establish the three-dimensional finite element model of the maxillary complex?with two types（L/Y）of modified miniplate implant .500g/side was applied to each?modified miniplate implant?respectively，the derection?was forward and downward?between?0°~50° degrees to the occlusion plane,we analyzed the trend of maxillary displacement.?Results　The application of two types(L/Y) of modified miniplate implants showed that the displacement of the maxilla?were basically consistent；In the application of modified miniplate implants to assist the maxillary protraction treatment, the maxillary dentition has a tendency to narrow；When pulling the maxilla forward and downward,and the angle to the occlusal plane was at 0-20 °,the maxilla rotated counterclockwise. When the angle was at 30-50 °, the maxilla rotates clockwise..Conclusions　1. The morphology of the modified micro-titan plate implants do not affect the displacement of the maxilla in the maxillary protraction treatment.2.The maxillary dentition become narrower after maxillary protraction treatment.3. The displacement trend of maxilla vary with the direction of traction, when the traction direction forward and downward at the angle of 0-20 °, there is a counterclockwise rotation in the maxilla,it benefit to deep crossbite patients;when at 30-50°, there is a clockwise rotation in the maxilla,it benefit to crossbite patients who accompany open bite.

　Objective　In this study，provides a reference for the selection of modified miniplate implants in different clinical directions for maxillary protraction. Methods　The three-dimensional CAD model of six forms of modified miniplate implants was constructed and assembled with maxillary model to obtain the final model.A force of 4.9N on each side was apply to that traction sites of the model,and the direction was 0°to 50°with the maxillary occlusal plane.Results The stress of that modified miniplate implants and the tension and stress of the implants are analyzed under each working condition.The force of retention screw is different, and it shows different trend with the change of angle. When the angle is 0°, Y3 miniplate implants retention screw is less 3.899, and when the angle is 10°-40°，L3 miniplate implants retention screw is less 4.544、4.170、3.820、3.547 and when the angle is 50°，L2 miniplate implants retention screw is less 2.687.Conclusion In order to achieve more stable curative effect, the modified miniplate implants should be used to assist the maxillary hypoplasia patients to draw in different directions. When the angle between the traction direction and occlusal plane is 0, Y3 miniplate implants should be used; When the angle between the traction direction and the occlusal plane is 10-40 degrees, L3 miniplate implants is selected; L2 miniplate is selected when the angle between traction direction and occlusal plane is 50 degree.

Abstract： Objective　To evaluate clinical performance of CAD/CAM ceramic veneers for anterior teeth.Methods A total of 42 patients were inrolled in this study.98 veneers were made by CEREC CAD/CAM system and IPS e.max CAD ceramic blocks.The restorations were recalled after 1 week,6 months,12 months and 24 months.Color match, porcelain surface, marginal discoloration, marginal adaption, sensitivity,gingival health,and secondary caries were clinically examined refering to modified Ryge criteria.Results On the basis of the criteria used, 90% of the veneers rated A.Conclusion Veneers made by CEREC CAD/CAM system and IPS e.max CAD ceramic blocks showed good clinical efficacy.

PURPOSE: Based on the process of patients with anterior maxillary jaws were scanned by cone beam CT, analyze the changes of contrast micro implant bone density in different positions of implantation of the posterior region of jaw, micro implant anchorage implants for clinical reference. METHODS: 20 cases of maxillary protrusion patients using cone beam CT scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction of the oral and maxillofacial region in the first molar and the second molar second posterior maxillary premolar and the first molar area, distance 3, alveolar crest 5, 7 and 9mm, the first to select the near far posterior root area between the ridge center layer to select coronal posterior region of the outer cortical distance of 2, 4 and 6mm for the measurement of bone mineral density in lip and palate, the difference of bone mineral density in different areas. RESULTS: There were statistical differences in bone mineral density at the same depth, at different depths, at different depths and at the same height (P < 0.001). At the same depth as the bone cortex, the bone density was higher than that of the other groups at the height of 7mm from the crest of the alveolar ridge. At the same height, the bone density decreased with the increase of the depth.CONCLUSIONS: The peripheral bone density of the maxillary posterior region was measured by CBCT at different heights and depths, and the bone density was higher than the other locations at the distance from the crest of alveolar ridge to 7mm. It can provide reference for Micro Implant.

Objective To study the combined application of the extraction of impacted teeth with two kinds of surgical burs. Methods After CBCT examination, 60 impacted teeth were extracted by minimally invasive technique with surgical impact air handpiece and Komet burs. The surgical round bur would be used for accurate osteotomy, and the surgical fissure bur for sectioning the tooth. Results 60 patients were extracted successfully in 8-35 min (18 min on average). No complications occurred, such as severe swelling, wound infection, numbness of tongue or root injury. All wounds healed in one stage. Conclusion The deeply impacted teeth extraction with 2 kinds of surgical burs is safe and feasible, which improves the surgical efficiency and reduces the morbidity rates effectively, and is suitable for promotion.

Objective To investigate the short-term clinical curative effects of Er:YAG laser on the treatment of peri-implantitis, hoping to be of help to the clinical treatment of peri-implantitis in the future. Methods 20 patients with peri-implantitis were randomly recruited and grouped after meeting the inclusion and the exclusion criteria. They were divided into conventional scaling treatment group and laser irradiation treatment group. Periodontal clinical indicators were recorded before treatment (baseline level), 3 months after treatment, and 6 months after treatment. All of the indicators included modified plaque index (mPLI), bleeding on probing (BOP), modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI), probing depth (PD),attachment level (ALP). All of the indicators were measured and averaged at 6 sites of each implant: the mesial side, the buccal center, the distal mesothelial side, the mesial lingual side, the lingual center, and the distal lingual side. A periodontal probe (PCP 12) was used for all examinations. Results At the baseline level, clinical periodontal parameters were similar between the experimental group and the control group, and there was no significant difference after statistical analysis (P>0.05). At 3 months after treatment, all clinical periodontal indicators were reduced compared with baseline levels, and the rate of the decrease of the laser irradiation treatment group was bigger than the conventional scaling treatment group, and the decrease was statistically significant (P＜0.05). At 6 months after treatment, the overall clinical periodontal indexes were still below the baseline, but compared with the results at 3 months after treatment, except the lower BOP, the other periodontal indexes had a little bit of increase. Conclusion All the tested clinical periodontal indexes of patients with peri-implantitis can be improved by the treatment of conventional scaling and laser irradiation. And the laser irradiation treatment has more obvious, but less stable effects. However, this improvement may just be short-term, and the long-term efficacy may depend on a long-term observation and follow-up of larger samples.

[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of aloe vera in the treatment of oral mucosal diseases. Methods Identify all published articles on this topic by PubMed、Cochrane、Database、Embase、Cbm、Cnki Wan Fang and VIP database from the inception to May ,2017 included on Aloe vera in treatment of oral mucosal diseases of randomized controlled trials (RCT). Literature screening and quality evaluation were carried out independently by two researchers using the Cochrane Reviewer Hand Booker 5.1 system. Results 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. Population of sample study ranged from 20 patients to 120 patients with clinically diagnosed oral mucosal lesions. The 25 studys included 5 studies on oral lichen planus (OLP), 6 studies on oral submucous fibrosis（OSMF）, 8 studies on oral ulcer, 3 studies on radioaction oral mucositis, other studies on burning mouth syndrome, denture stomatitis and xerostomic . Most studies show that the effectiveness of aloe in the treatment of oral diseases is statistically significant, and no side effects were found. Conclusion: Although aloe vera has some effect on the treatment of oral mucosal disease, more controlled clinical trials are required to prove the efficacy and safety of aloe vera for management of oral diseases.

Objective To analyze the factors affecting the risk of early childhood caries (ECC) in Nanjing in order to diagnose the ECC, and provide suggestions on prevention and therapy. Methods The baseline data (oral status and venous blood) of caries high-risk children and oral normal children in Department of Perdiatric and Preventive, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University were collected. The cavities of all teeth were assessed by using CPI probes according to the Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey. The children’s parents were surveyed by questionnaire. 5ml venous blood of each child was collected. All data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression . Results A total of 199 caries high-risk children were surveyed. The mean age was 3.99±0.99 years old, and 37.2% of them were girls. A total of 164 oral normal children were surveyed. The mean age was 4.14±0.87 years old, and 36.6% of them were girls. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the baseline of total protein (Odds ratio, OR=1.092，95% Confidence interval, CI：1.034~1.155),,serum potassium (OR=2.175，95%CI：1.056~4.48), carbon dioxide (OR=1.32，95%CI：1.194~1.459) and creatine phosphokinase level (OR=1.007，95%CI：1.001~1.014) were more likely associated with risk of ECC. Conclusions The levels of total protein, serum potassium, carbon dioxide and creatine phosphokinase are all higher in caries high-risk children than children without caries, which indicates that these indexes might be the factors affecting the risk of early childhood caries.

Obejctive To investigate the status of deciduous dental caries among preschool children in Xuhui District of Shanghai. Methods According to the criteria recommended by The Fourth National Oral Health Investigation, the deciduous caries of 10401 preschool children aged 3 to 6 years old from75 public kindergartens in Xuhui District of Shanghai were examined. The prevalence of dental caries and the mean dmft and filling rate were calculated. The results were analyzed using SAS 9.4 software package. Results Maxillary deciduous central incisors and mandibular deciduous molar were most prone to decay in 10401 children. The prevalence of dental caries was 46.62% (4849/10401). The mean dmft score was 2.14?3.34 and the filling rate was 15.87 % (3529/22243). The prevalence of dental caries and mean dmft increased gradually as the children were growing up (P<0.05). The rate of filling teeth of 6 years old group was higher than other groups (P<0.05). No significant difference between males and females were noted (P>0.05). Conclusion Deciduous dental caries of preschool children was an important problem in Xuhui District of Shanghai, and the filling rate was low. Necessary measures for early prevention of dental caries must be taken into consideration.

Salivary glands mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas (SGML) manifest as painless and low-speed malignant tumors, which rarely occur in head and neck. Clinically, this disease can be easily misdiagnosed due to the lack of understanding of oral and maxillofacial surgeons. This paper reported a typical case of multiple SGML, and then explored pathogenesis and treatment of SGML based on the account of systematic reviews.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobe that is the main pathogen of periodontitis. Because of its ability to activate the host inflammatory response and to regulate immune responses, it has been a research hotspot to explore the relationship between P.gingivalis and systemic diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease. AD is a common neurodegenerative disease that causes dementia in the elderly with a variety of inflammatory mediators involved in the inflammatory response as the key pathology. This article reviews their possible interrelated mechanisms.

Attached to the surface of the teeth, oral microorganisms can form the dental plaque biofilm which initiates dental caries and periodontal disease. Key measures including remove plague effectively and maintain oral hygiene can be taken to prevent and control common oral diseases. The pulse type oral irrigator, acting as an important auxiliary tool for cleaning oral cavity, has been not only more and more widely used, but becoming increasingly prominent in its potential benefits. Here, we offer a comprehensive account of the mechanism, effect, clinical application and safety of the oral irrigator.

An effective and a stable anchorage is the key to a successful orthodontic treatment, effective control of the anchorage in orthodontic treatment is particularly important,the orthodontics who have paid more attention to anchorage control in orthodontics treatment.there are a large number of methods to strengthen the control of molars in clinical treatment, such as: tip-back bend、 transpalatal arch、Nance arch 、implants, etc., In this paper which reviewing on a problem that how the Anchorage Spee‵s-wire system control the anchorage of the molar.