Radical resection isthe key for treatment of oral cancer. Depth of invasion, tumour budding and the tumour microenvironment define the biological characteristics of cells in tumor invasive front, thereby determining invasion and metastasis capabilities. Compartmental resection is an important method for oral cancer treatment. Through analysis and review of the cutting-edge research on tumor invasive front, this paper sheds light on optimal radical resection for oral cancer.

Objective To investigate the impacts of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) on the proliferation, apoptosis and osteogenic differentiation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) by regulating the microRNA-383-5p (miR-383-5p)/suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) axis. Methods hPDLSCs were treated with LPS and transfected with small interfering RNA targeting MALAT1 (si-MALAT1) or miR-383-5p inhibitor (in-miR-383-5p) or SOCS3 overexpression plasmid (SOCS3). ELISA was implemented to detect inflammatory factor levels; RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to check transfection efficiency; CCK-8 and TUNEL were implemented to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis;alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red S (ARS) staining were performed to analyze osteogenic differentiation; Western blot was implemented to measure the proliferation, apoptosis and osteogenic differentiation-related proteins. Bioinformatics and dual-luciferase experiments were performed to analyze the relationship between miR-383-5p and MALAT1/SOCS3. Results LPS induced the inflammation and apoptosis of hPDLSCs, and down-regulated cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. In the meantime, the expressions of MALAT1 and SOCS3 were up-regulated, and the expression of miR-383-5p was down-regulated (P<0.05).Knockdown of MALAT1 could greatly reduce LPS-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis of hPDLSCs, and increase cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Meanwhile, it also up-regulated the expression of miR-383-5p and down-regulated the expression of SOCS3 (P<0.05). In addition, reverse experiments showed that inhibiting miR-383-5p expression or up-regulating SOCS3 expression could partially reverse the effects of MALAT1 knockdown on LPS-induced hPDLSCs (P<0.05). Further analysis confirmed that MALAT1 targeted the regulation of SOCS3 expression by sponging miR-383-5p (P<0.05). Conclusion Knockdown of MALAT1 can modulate the miR-383-5p/SOCS3 axis to improve the proliferation, apoptosis and osteogenic differentiation of inflammatory hPDLSCs.

Objective To constructan indirect co-culture model of dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs), and lay a foundation for the establishment of a new indirect co-culture system that can be used in vivo and in vitro. Methods 5% GelMA30 was configured to explore the optimal parameter of 3D bioprinting and to conduct printable tests. The survival of DPSCs and HUVECs in GelMA30 was detected with live/dead staining. Six co-culture models were constructed: direct co-culture of DPSCs with HUVECs (M), culture of DPSCs(D-D200), culture of HUVECs(H-D200), indirect co-culture of DPSCs with HUVECs(M-D0, M-D200, M-D400). The co-culture of DPSCs with HUVECs was observed by photographing. Results The Pr calculation result was 0.97±0.02, indicating that the structure has good printability. On the seventh day, the viable cell rate of DPSCs and HUVECs was 96.48% and 96.00% respectively, indicating that the cells remained active. The printing of co-culture models in 6 groups was successfully completed. Conclusion Indirect co-culture system of DPSCs and HUVECs can be constructed by 3D bioprinting, which will pave the way for subsequent studies.

Objective Human umbilical vein endothelial cells-derived exosome (HUVECs-exo) and endothelial progenitor cells-derived exosome (EPCs-exo) were co-cultured with hDPSCs respectively, to study and compare their effects on proliferation and migration of hDPSCs, in order to provide reference for the application of exosomes in pulp regeneration. Methods Exosomes derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells were isolated by ultracentrifugation in vitro. The morphologies of both exosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Meanwhile, the size of exosomes was measured by NTA. Western blot was used to analyze the exosome surface markers of exosomes including CD9, CD63 and TSG101. Both exosomes were applied to human dental pulp stem cells according to the concentration gradient of 5, 10 and 20 μg/mL, respectively. The proliferation of dental pulp stem cells was detected by CCK-8 assay and migration ability of dental pulp stem cells was detected by cell scratch wound healing assay and Transwell assay. Results Under transmission electron microscope, both exosomes exhibited a discoid morphology, with particle size ranging from 30 nm to 150 nm. Western blot indicated the expression of exosome surface markers including CD9, CD63 and TSG101 in both exosomes. Compared with the control group, two kinds of exosomes with different concentrations didn't promote the proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells (P>0.05). The cell scratch wound healing test and Transwell test showed that both exosomes could promote the migration of human dental pulp stem cells compared with the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), in which the concentration of 10 μg/mL exosomes had the most significant effect (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the effect of two exosomes (P>0.05). Conclusion Exosomes from the two kinds of cells did not significantly promote the proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells, but could improve the migration of human dental pulp stem cells, especially at the concentration of 10 μg/mL.

Objective To investigate the application of digital guide plate in extraction of impacted supernumerary teeth in the lingual region of mandibular posterior region and evaluate its efficacy. Methods From January to November, 2020, 10 patients with bilateral impacted supernumerary teeth in the lingual region of bilateral mandibular posterior region treated in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University were enrolled in this study. By self-contrast method, one side of 10 patients were treated with digital guide plate to remove the impacted supernumerary teeth (test group). The other side which was treated without using guide plate for operation served as the control group. The manufacture time, operation time, postoperative swelling and pain were compared between the two groups. Results The average time of operation was significantly shorter in the test group ((19.84±6.52) min) than in the control group ((31.03±9.68) min), and the degree of postoperative pain and swelling was significantly lower than the control group. Statistics showed that differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The application of digital guide plate in extraction of impacted supernumerary teeth in the lingual region of the mandibular posterior region can significantly shorten operation time, reduce surgical complications and improve surgery quality, which has good application prospect.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of modified tragus incision supraparotid approach on the treatment of intracapsular condylar fractures. Methods A retrospective study selected 13 cases (16 joints) of intracapsular condylar fractures who underwent surgery in the same treatment group in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2020 to December 2020. The effect of condyle reduction was evaluated with CBCT postoperatively. Occlusal relationship, mandibular function and facial nerve injury were evaluated at 3 and 6 months after operation. Results It was showed that effects of 14 sides were excellent; 1 side was good and 1 side was poor. Intermaxillary traction was performed in 3 of the 13 patients; the traction time was 3 to 7 days. All patients had a good occlusal relationship 3 months after operation; the opening was (37.46±6.91) mm; the forward movement was (6.34±1.21) mm; lateral movement to the healthy side was (5.45±1.54) mm, and to the affected side was (5.65±1.12) mm. Mandibular movement and chewing caused no discomfort or slight discomfort at 3 months after operation. There was no statistical difference of occlusal relationship and mandibular function between 3 months and 6 months postoperatively. There were 6 sides of facial nerve injury after surgery, 5 of which were difficulty in raising eyebrows and 1 of which was ptosis. Conclusion The modified tragus edge and supraparotid approach for treatment of intracapsular condylar fractures can effectively restore and fix the displaced fracture and the articular disc. Occlusal relationship, mandibular function and facial nerve injury recover well 3 months after the operation.

Objective To investigate the association of mutations in the EXT and FGFR3 genes with osteochondroma of the condyle and to provide a basis for clinical treatment of condylarosteochondroma. Methods Clinical manifestation and imaging features of patients with condylar osteochondromaadmitted in our hospital from January 2017 to June 2021were analyzed. Peripheral blood was used for gene whole-exome detection, and the expression of FGFR3 and EXT1 proteins in the tissues was detected by immunohistochemical methods. Results There were 10 cases of isolation condylar osteochondroma. The male-to-female ratio was 1∶1.5; the mean age was 37.1 years, and the ratio between left side and right sidewas 9∶1. Three patients who underwent whole-exome test all had FGFR3 gene mutation; two of them had common site mutations. Two cases had EXT1 gene mutations whichwere located at the same site. Immunohistochemical staining showed positive EXT1 expression in 8 of the 10 condylar osteochondromas and FGFR3 expression was also positive in 1 case. Conclusion The condylar osteochondroma is not only related to EXT1 gene mutations but may also relate to FGFR3 gene mutations. However, results of whole-exome detection and immunohistochemical staining are inconsistent, and specifically related mechanisms need to be further studied and confirmed.

Objective To study the influence of micro-osteoperforations on the pressing speed of elongated teeth and evaluate the safety and stability of its application to accelerate depressing elongated teeth. Methods Forty-four patients, who had missing mandibular unilateral first molars with elongated antagonist molars and needed to depress maxillary molars before restoration, were collected and randomly divided into two groups with 22 patients in each group. After local anesthesia, patients in the control group were implanted with micro-implant anchorage nails in buccal and palatal sides of the target teeth. Immediately after the operation, a chain rubber band was used to apply force across occlusal surfaces of the teeth, which was pressed until the target teeth were flush with marginal ridges of adjacent teeth. Subsequently, their missing mandibular molars were restored. The above operation was also carried out in the experimental group. Using manual tools to assist taps, holes were drilled in mesio and distal areas of buccal and palatal sides of the target teeth, respectively, to penetrate the cortical bone with a depth of 2 mm below the bone cortex. Three holes were drilled in each area with a spacing of 3 mm. The depression distance, pressing time, postoperative pain degree, root resorption degree and root stability of the two groups were observed. Results Average depression distance of the control group was 2.37 mm, while that of the experimental group was 2.36 mm, with no significant difference. Average pressing time in the control group was 6.2 months, while that in the experimental group was 5.0 months, which indicated that the course of treatment was significantly shortened. There was no significant difference in postoperative pain between the two groups. Observation of root resorption showed that the root resorption rate of the control group was higher than that of the experimental group. Conclusion Micro-osteoperforations can accelerate the speed of tooth depression, thus shorten the course of treatment, enabling patients to make denture restoration as soon as possible, and also reduce the risk of root resorption, without increasing pain.

Objective To compare the clinical effects of zirconia restorations manufactured through 3 model data acquisition Methods and to study their characteristics. Methods Two hundred and one patients with 282 units were selected. Three scanning processes were randomly selected for production: ① plaster models were scanned by TRIOS scanning instrument and 149 units of all-porcelain crown and bridge were made (model scanning group); ② after segmenting the model, 62 units of all-porcelain crown bridge were made (divided bin scanning group); ③ 71 units of all-porcelain crown bridge (direct oral scanning group) were made by TRIOS oral scanning instrument. The model acquisition time of patients in the three groups was recorded, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated according to the modified USPHS evaluation criteria. Results The operation time of model scanning group, split bin scanning group and direct oral scanning group were (71.779±4.536), (133.500±6.174), (71.253±3.668) min, respectively. The time difference among the three groups was statistically significant (F=4.499, P=0.000). The operation of model scanning group and direct oral scanning group was faster than that of split bin scanning group. There were no statistically significant differences in the clinical effects on color, surface texture and shape among the three groups. The edge fitness of direct oral scanning and model scanning was higher than that of split warehouse scanning, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=7.893, P=0.019). Conclusion The oral scanning model and the oral direct scanning method can simplify the manufacturing process, shorten the model processing time, save labor and material costs, and have a higher mold accuracy than the traditional segmented bin scanning method, which can obtain excellent fitness of restoration edge.

Objective To analyze the alveolar ridge height of adults and adolescents who accept extraction during orthodontic treatment by cone beam CT(CBCT) in order to explore the difference of extraction-related alveolar bone loss between adults and adolescents. Methods A total of 40 Angle's Class Ⅰ orthodontic patients were included in the study (20 adults and 20 teenagers), and 4 first premolars were extracted for each subject during orthodontic treatment. The buccal and lingual faces of the remaining 20 teeth of each patient were measured by CBCT before and after treatment respectively. Results Among 3 200 root surfaces measured, the height of alveolar bone in the anterior area was significantly decreased in adults after orthodontic treatment; the quantity of dehiscence in adults before orthodontic treatment was 210, and the number was 477 after treatment. The number of adolescents with bone dehiscence before orthodontic treatment was 14, and after tooth extraction and orthodontic treatment the number was 40. Conclusion In adult patients, orthodontic extraction treatment reduces the height of alveolar bone in the anterior part of dental arch. However, in the adolescent group, no significant difference is detected in the dental arch before and after orthodontic treatment.

Objective To evaluate the curative effect of different orthodontic treatment Methods for single mandibular incisors with American Board of Orthodontics-Objective grading system (ABO-OGS) and PAR (peer assessment rating) index, and to explore whether there were differences among three methods. Methods Models and panoramic photos before and after treatment of 57 patients with congenital absence of single mandibular incisors in the Orthodontics Department of Xuzhou Central Hospital were selected. According to different treatment methods, they were divided into three groups:A, B and C. Group A had 19 cases of non-extraction treatment. 20 premolars were extracted in group B. In group C, 18 incisors were extracted. ABO-OGS index and PAR index were used to measure the model and panorama before and after treatment, and the results were statistically analyzed. Results Before treatment, the difference of ABO-OGS index between group B, group A and group C was statistically significant. After treatment, there was no significant difference in the total score of ABO-OGS index among the three groups, but there was significant difference in tooth arrangement between group A and group C. There was no significant difference between three groups before and after PAR index treatment. Conclusion According to the actual situation of patients, we should formulate appropriate personalized plan, select treatment method and strictly implement it during treatment. All three treatment Methods can achieve satisfactory results.

Objective To summarize clinical and imaging findings of temporomandibular joint disorder caused by autoimmune diseases through retrospective analysis, so as to provide reference for early diagnosis. Methods Fifteen cases were collected in the Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital from December, 2014 to June, 2021 and 280 cases were collected from literature. Clinical and imaging findings, together with treatment were analyzed. Results Among 15 cases collected in this article, 80% of the patients had a medical history of autoimmune diseases. Limitation of mouth opening was the most common chief complaints, followed by preauricular pain. Imaging findings were joint effusion at superior and inferior joint space without trauma, disc perforation at intermediate zone, flat absorption of condyle without disc displacement and bilateral intracapsular fibrous or bony ankylosis. Anti-rheumatic drugs showed good curative effects in some patients. Four patients underwent artificial TMJ replacement and the effects were stable. Conclusion TMJ disorders caused by autoimmune diseases differ from common TMJ disorders in clinical and imagine findings, as well as treatment, so early diagnosis is necessary to guide treatment planning.

Oral implantation is currently considered as the preferred treatment for patients with tooth loss, but diabetes is still a relative contraindication for implant therapy. The hyperglycemic environment and microvascular lesions of diabetic patients may affect osteoblasts, their functions and bone metabolism, leading to implant failure. At present, the mechanism of diabetes affecting binding between implant and bone has not been clarified. PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays an important role in bone tissue metabolism and can promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. In addition, PI3K/AKT/mTOR is also a classic pathway responding to insulin signaling. This paper reviews progress of research on the mechanism of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in type 2 diabetes and implant osseointegration, respectively, which may lay a good foundation for future research on promoting peri-implant bone regeneration in diabetic patients.

Hippo signaling pathway is highly conserved in diverse species. It can directly regulate the transcriptional expression of downstream proteins, or indirectly modulate cell proliferation and apoptosis through interaction with other signaling pathways. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), as an important signaling molecule of redox reaction, plays an important regulatory role in cell survival, apoptosis, autophagy and other biological processes. Most scholars suggest that oxidative stress is an important factor leading to a variety of diseases, while antioxidants are beneficial to health. Hippo pathway and ROS can mediate different biological effects through complex mutual regulation induced by various intermediate factors. In recent years, attention to the Hippo signaling pathway and oxidative stress increases gradually. In this paper, their different roles in apoptosis, autophagy, aging, distant metastasis of tumor cells are summarized. Meanwhile, intricated adjustment mechanisms of Hippo pathway and ROS through interaction with other signaling pathways are also identified. This review provides new thinking for scholars who follow the latest research in this field and plan to conduct further research.

N⁶-methyladenosine is considered the most common transcript modification in eukaryotic messenger RNA. WTAP (Wilms' tumor 1-associating protein), as a regulatory subunit of m⁶A methyltransferases, combines with METTL3 and METTL14 into WMM complex, which catalyzes m⁶A. Accumulating evidence suggests that WTAP plays an important role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression by regulating RNA metabolism, and has a significant association with prognosis of several kinds of cancer. This review will focus on the biological function of WTAP and its role in cancer, as well as its feasibility as a potential target for tumor therapy.

Occlusal discomfort syndrome(ODS)refers to a syndrome characterized with discomfort of masticatory muscles and nerves related to mandibular movement. Patients with persistent discomfort may have no visible premature occlusion contact. ODS patients frequently suffer from anxiety and depression. ODS occurs usually secondary to prosthodontic or orthodontic treatment and its pathogenesis is unknown. The passive self-adaptation of stomatognathic system to slightly inharmonious occlusion might lead to ODS. There is no consensus on Methods for ODS treatment. For ODS patients with invisible occlusion interference, incorrect occlusion adjustment might exacerbate patients' symptoms. Psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy seem to be effective in ODS treatment. This review aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of ODS.

A growing number of studies suggest a close relationship between periodontitis and the intestinal flora. Oral bacteria swallowed by patients with chronic periodontitis could be transferred to intestinal colonization, and the primary intestinal flora is altered, thereby triggering a series of immune responses in the intestinal mucosa. Intestinal flora imbalance will lead to a series of systemic diseases, of which the representative disease is inflammatory bowel disease(IBD). Based on IBD, this article reviews the possible ways of periodontitis affecting intestinal flora and changes of intestinal flora during the progress of inflammation and after inflammation is controlled.

Quantitative light-induced fluorescence is a new detection method which has been widely used in dental clinic in recent years. It can be used to diagnose caries by quantitative analysis of fluorescence loss in lesions. This technique has been used to diagnose smooth caries, pit and fissure caries, proximal caries and so on. The application of quantitative light-induced fluorescence technique in early diagnosis of various caries is reviewed in this paper.