Objective To investigate the effects of CMTM4 on oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC). Methods The expression of CMTM4 in OSCC was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between the difference of CMTM4 expression and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed by Chi-square testand Fisher's precision probability test. CMTM4 overexpression plasmid and small interference RNA plasmid were transfected into OSCC cell lines HN6 and CAL27respectively, and the effects of CMTM4 overexpression and knock-down expression on cell phenotypic behavior were observed. The changes in biological behavior of HN6 and CAL27 were analyzed by CCK8 test,plate clone formation test, wound healing assay and Transwell invasion test. Western blot was used to detect changes of related cyclins and AKT pathway proteins after the changes of CMTM4. The subcutaneous tumorigenesis experiment of nude mice further verified the effect of CMTM4 on the tumorigenesis of OSCC in vivo. Results Compared with para-carcinoma tissues, CMTM4 was highly expressed in OSCC, and the difference of CMTM4 expression was significantly correlated with age, clinical stage and pathological grade of the patients (P<0.001). In HN6 and CAL27, compared with the control group, the proliferation rate of cells became faster and the ability of migration and invasion was stronger after overexpression of CMTM4. When CMTM4 was knocked down, the cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability of HN6 and CAL27 cells decreased. Overexpression of CMTM4 increased the expression of cell cycle-related proteins CDK4, CDK6 and Cyclin D1 as well as pAKT, a protein related to AKT pathway. The expression level of these proteins decreased significantly after CMTM4's knock-down. The results of animal experiment showed that compared with the control group, the tumor volume of OSCC cells increased after CMTM4 overexpression, and decreased when CMTM4 was knocked down. Conclusion CMTM4 is highly expressed in OSCC and can promote the proliferation, invasion and migration of OSCC cell line, which may play a role by regulating cell cycle and AKT pathway.

Objective To study the effect of farnesol on the expression of glucan-related genes and the drug resistance in Candida albicans biofilm. Methods Drug-resistant strains of Candida albicans were induced by the multi-step method and were identified by the KONT MIC determination system. The experiment consisted of the control group, farnesol group and drug-resistant group. The cell wall of Candida albicans biofilm in each group was observed by transmission electron microscope(TEM).The expression of glucan-related genes PIR1, PHR2, BGL2 and GSC1 in each group was analyzed by qPCR. Results The drug-resistant strain model of Candida albicans was successfully constructed in the experiment. TEM showed that after treatment with farnesol, the morphology of the cell wall of Candida albicans biofilm was changed. In the 24 h biofilm, the thickness of the cell wall of Candida albicans biofilm in the control group was (220.10±2.25) nm. The cell wall of the farnesol group had a reduction of electron granules, and the thickness which was (145.90±4.05) nm, was thinner than the control group. In contrast, the cell wall of the drug-resistant group had increased electron granules and cell wall thickness,(299.47±3.33)nm, was greater than the control group. The qPCR results showed that compared with the control group, the expression of PIR1 and PHR2 in the farnesol group was up-regulated(P<0.05), and GSC1 was down-regulated (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the expression of PHR2 in the drug-resistant group was down-regulated(P<0.05), while GSC1 expression was up-regulated(P<0.01). Conclusion Farnesol may affect the morphology and structure of the cell wall of Candida albicans by regulating glucan-related genes PHR2, PIR1, and GSC1, and the morphology and structure of the cell wall are related to drug resistance of Candida albicans.

Objective To analyze the role of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes(hAMSC-exos) cultured under hypoxic condition in delaying vascular aging. Methods D-galactose(D-gal) stimulation was used to induce subacute senescence in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC). Hypoxia-induced hAMSC-exos(Hy hAMSC-exos) was collected to incubate with D-gal-induced HUVEC. Senescence of HUVEC was evaluated by senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity (SA-β-Gal) staining. Protein expression levels of P53, P16 and γH2AX, angiogenic function of HUVEC were detected by scratch assay, transwell migration assay and tube formation assay. Results Subacute senescence model of HUVEC was successfully constructed via D-gal stimulation; SA-β-Gal and detection of protein expression levels of P53, P16 and γH2AX showed that Hy hAMSC-exos could reverse the upregulation of β-Gal, P53, P16 and γH2AX caused by D-gal-induced HUVEC; scratch assay, transwell migration assay and tube formation assay showed that Hy hAMSC-exos could alleviate the weakened angiogenic function of HUVEC induced by D-gal. Conclusion The study indicates that Hy hAMSC-exos could alleviate vascular aging.

Objective To study the effects of implants implanted under zero IT and Bio-Oss collagen on the process of osseointegration. Methods Three Beagle dogs were divided into four quadrants: upper right, upper left, lower left and lower right according to the dentition. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th premolars were extracted in each quadrant. Three months after the extraction, in each quadrant and each position, three implants of the same size under three kinds of implantation modes were randomly implanted: control group(35 N·cm), experimental group A(0 N·cm), and experimental group B(0 N·cm+Bio-Oss collagen). One experimental dog was sacrificed at 12 weeks, 18 weeks, and 24 weeks after the operation, respectively, and the general observation was carried out. At the same time, the Resonance Frequency Analysis(RFA) was used to measure the implant stability quotients(ISQ) of each group.Micro-CT was taken; bone volume(BV) and total volume(TV) were measured with CTAn software; BV/TV value was calculated, and statistical analysis on various data obtained in the experiment was performed. Results ① A total of 6 implants failed in this experiment. Two implants failed in each group and the overall survival rate was 83%. By observing the specimens at the time of execution, it was found that the horizontal position of some of the mandibular implants at different time points in each group were significantly decreased compared with the initial implantation position;some of the implants had marginal bone loss(MBL), and the neck was exposed. ② The ISQ value of the control group increased with time, which was the highest at 18 weeks, and decreased at 24 weeks, while the ISQ value of the experimental group A decreased with time. The ISQ value of the experimental group B decreased significantly at 18 weeks, and increased at 24 weeks. There was no significant difference in the ISQ values between the groups at three time points;the ISQ value of the experimental group B was statistically different between 18 weeks and 24 weeks(P<0.05), and there was no statistical difference between the other groups at each time period (P>0.05). ③ Obvious bone formation was observed in 0 IT group at 12 weeks by imaging. There was no significant statistical difference between the BV/TV of each group(P>0.05), and there was no significant statistical difference between different time periods. Conclusion Implants without IT can also achieve goodosseointegration degree and the use of Bio-Oss collagen under torqueless implantation can promote the process of osseointegration.

Objective To evaluate the apical sealing ability before and after post space preparation with GuttaFlow2 vertical condensation obturation in isolated teeth with single canal. Methods One hundred isolated teeth were selected and randomly divided into 8 groups. Group A1 and A2: GuttaFlow2 vertical condensation obturation (n=15); Groups B1 and B2: continuous wave of vertical condensation obturation (n=15); Group C1 and C2: cold lateral condensation obturation (n=15); Group D: the positive controls (n=5); Group E: the negative controls (n=5). Post space was not prepared in groups A1, B1 and C1, but prepared in groups A2, B2 and C2. The apical sealing before and after post space preparation was evaluated by transparent dental technology. Results Without post space preparation, the differences between A1, B1 and C1 three groups were all significant (P<0.05). With post space preparation, the differences between A2, B2 and C2 three groups were significant (P<0.05). Among groups with the same filling method, there was no statistically significant difference between A1 and A2 (P>0.05), but there was statistically significant difference between B1 and B2, C1 and C2 (P<0.05). Conclusion The apical sealing ability of GuttaFlow2 vertical condensation obturation is better than the continuous wave of vertical condensation obturation and the cold lateral condensation obturation. There is no difference in apical sealing ability before and after post space preparation with GuttaFlow2 vertical condensation obturation. GuttaFlow2 vertical condensation obturation has good root canal obturation effect.

Objective To study the consistencyamong four methods for measuring oral vestibular groove depth (OVGD). Methods Sixteen subjects were selected, and four measuring methods were used:silicone rubber mold measurement(SMM), alginate mold measurement(AMM), intra-oral direct measurement(IDM), and oral scan measurement(OSM). Three examiners(A, B, C)measured the vestibular groove depth of 16, 14, 11, 46, 44, and 41 tooth positions respectively. Results The consistency among the three examiners was nearly perfect(ICC=0.87), and the consistency among the four measuring methods was moderate(ICC=0.49). Results of the four measuring methods were IDM>SMM>OSM>AMM from the largest to the smallest.Bland-Altman plots showed good consistency among examiners and poor consistency among measuring methods. Conclusion Among the four methods of measuring oral vestibular groove depth, examiners have little influence on the results, and the results obtained by different methods are different.

Objective To identify risk factors for the occurrence of black triangle of lower anterior teeth after orthodontic treatment in non-extraction patients with crowded lower anterior teeth. Methods A total of 151 orthodontic patients who completed orthodontic treatment in Orthodontic Department of the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2017 to December 2021 were selected as research subjects. The patients were divided into normal group and black triangle group according to whether there was a black triangle between mandibular central incisor teeth after the treatment. According to the clinical data of intraoral photos, digital models and CBCT, parameters related to tooth alignment and tooth movement before and after treatment were measured and analyzed. Results The incidence of black triangle between mandibular central incisor teeth was 23.2% in non-extractive patients with crowded lower anterior teeth. There were statistical differences between the normal group and the black triangle group in age, crowding degree, antero-posterior and transverse overlap of the two central incisors, angle formed by the incisal edges of the two central incisors, and CEJ-CEJ distance. Regression analysis showed that age, antero-posterior overlap, ICP-CEJ distance and CEJ-CEJ distance were significantly correlated with the occurrence of black triangle. Conclusion The incidence of black triangle is low in patients with crowded lower anterior teeth without tooth extraction, but it is more likely to occur in adult orthodontic patients and patients with severe labial-lingual dislocation of mandibular central incisor teeth or large gingival interproximal space.

Objective To study the morphological differences of condyle-fossa in people with skeletal Class Ⅰ malocclusion and skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion who were divided into maxillary deficiency and mandibular prognathism. Methods The CBCT images of bilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJs) in 58 patients with skeletal Class Ⅰ and Ⅲ were selected, who were treated in the Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology Nanjing Medical University from March 2021 to December 2022. Relative angular and linear measurements of the condyle-fossa were conducted with Mimics 20.0 and Dolphin 11.9 software. The data was analyzed with SPSS 26.0 software. Results There was no statistical difference in the measurement items of TMJs between the left and right sides(P<0.05)in patients with skeletal Class Ⅰ and Ⅲ malocclusion. The condyle height of both skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion was higher than the skeletal Class Ⅰ malocclusion(P<0.05). In addition, the comparisons of the skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion with mandibular prognathism and the skeletal Class Ⅰ malocclusion showed statistical differences in the articular eminence inclination and the height of the glenoid fossa(P<0.05). However, the intergroup comparisons of the skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion showed no statistical differences in all morphological measurements(P>0.05). Conclusion There was no obvious difference between bilateral temporomandibular joints among the three groups. Significant differences were shown between skeletal Class Ⅰ and Ⅲ malocclusion in terms of condylar height, the central joint space, the articular eminence inclination, and the height of the glenoid fossa. While there were differences in the morphological measurements of TMJs among patients with maxillary deficiency and mandibular prognathism of skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion, these disparities did not have statistical significance.

Objective To conduct a three-dimensional comparative study on upper airway symmetry between patients with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate and populations with skeletal Class Ⅲ. Methods Fifty-one cases of non-syndromic cleft lip and palate patientsand 50 cases of skeletal Class Ⅲ populationswere included. Cone-beam CT was taken, and Dolphin 3D 11.9 software was used for three-dimensional measurement and analysis. SPSS 25.0 software package was used for independent sample test to compare the volume, height and minimum area of the upper airway. Results The minimum cross-sectional area of the upper airway nasopharyngeal segment of patients with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate was larger than that of skeletal Class Ⅲ population(P<0.01). The upper airway pharyngeal segment height of patients with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate was smaller than that of skeletal Class Ⅲ population(P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the other segments of the upper airway(P>0.05). Conclusion There are differences in the three-dimensional structure of the upper airway between NSCLP patients and skeletal Ⅲ population, except for the similarity in the glossopharyngeal segment, indicating that the cause of cleft lip and palate is not only abnormal anatomical structure, but also affected by other functional factors. Therefore, respiratory problems need multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To develop a lite one-step deep learning network to detect the topographic proximity of the mandibular third molar(MTM)root to the inferior alveolar canal(IAC)on panoramic radiographs. Methods The samples, which consisted of 1 570 patients with 2 543 MTMs on paired panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT), were randomly divided into the training group (80%), the validation group (10%), and the test group (10%). The evaluation of CBCT was defined as the ground truth. An extension of YOLO(You only look once)network, named as IAC-MTMnet, was trained to detect the proximity of MTM root to IAC on panoramic radiographs. Diagnostic performance analysis used accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predict value(PPV), and the area under the curve(AUC)was calculated based on the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve. Results On CBCT images, direct contact between MTM and IAC was observed on 798(31.38%)sides. The IAC-MTMnet achieved an accuracy of 0.885, a sensitivity of 0.747, a specificity of 0.956, and a PPV of 0.899. The AUC value achieved 0.95 and the test time was 0.059 s. Conclusion IAC-MTMnet is developed as a novel, robust and accurate method for detecting the proximity of MTM/IAC on panoramic radiographs.

Gingival recession refers to the root surface exposure caused by the retraction of the gingival margin from enamelo-cemental junction to the root, which can cause dentin sensitivity, aesthetic defects and other problems. Root coverage procedures are often applied in clinical practice to treat gingival recessions to obtain complete root coverage. This article reports a case of multiple gingival recessions treated by coronal advanced flap with or without subepithelial connective tissue graft with longitude observation of 5 years. We discussed the factors that may affect root coverage result in order to provide reference for the treatment of gingival recession.

Fusobacterium nucleatum(Fn), as the resident flora of human oral microecology, has been proved to be the main pathogen of periodontitis, participating in the occurrence and development of periodontal disease. In recent years, a large amount of evidence shows that the increase of Fn load is closely related to the development and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC). Fn may promote the occurrence and development of OSCC by enhancing tumor cell proliferation, invasion and migration ability and drug resistance. In addition, the targeted therapy targeting at Fn provides a new idea for the prevention and treatment of OSCC. In this paper, the potential mechanism of Fn promoting the occurrence and development of OSCC is reviewed, and the Fn targeted therapy of OSCC is summarized and prospected, so as to provide a new theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of OSCC.

Periodontitis is considered to be a destructive periodontal disease caused by periodontal pathogens, which eventually leads to tooth loss through the destruction of periodontal tissue. As one of the important trace elements in human body, iron participates in various physiological activities of the body. Iron metabolism balance is an important part in maintaining the physiological function and its metabolic abnormality is associated with various diseases. Dysregulation of iron homeostasis can promote the increase of reactive oxygen species(ROS) level and destroy the balance between oxidative and antioxidant defense systems, thus leading to oxidative stress, further damaging the periodontal tissue and increasing the incidence of periodontitis. Several studies have shown that there is a certain relationship between abnormal iron metabolism and the occurrence and development of periodontitis, which affects the course and prognosis of periodontitis. This article reviews the research progress of ROS-induced oxidative stress and the mechanism of iron metabolism in periodontitis, and provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of periodontitis from the direction of iron metabolism.

Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis is a kind of auto-inflammatory bone disease that occurs in children and adolescents, also known as diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis or chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Clinical symptoms are varied and non-specific, and there aren’t specific indicators in laboratory examination, imaging examination and pathological examination. Prone to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis, it is still dominated by diagnosis of exclusion at present. This article reviews the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis.

Aesthetics and function are two ultimate goals of prosthodontics. Aesthetic result is one of the crucial factors determining the success or failure of prosthodontic treatment. Dental aesthetic evaluation scale, which is a vital way to quantify the aesthetic result, can be divided into objective evaluation and subjective evaluation. The former is often initiated by clinicians or researchers, and the latter is the reflection of patients’ subjective evaluation. At present, only implant restoration has a recognized aesthetic scale, and there is no consensus on the aesthetic evaluation systems of other restoration methods. This paper reviews aesthetic scales used in the restoration of tooth defect and dentition defect, so as to provide reference for clinical dental aesthetic evaluation.

Calcium fluoride nanocomposites are composites containing Calcium fluoride nanoparticles (CaF₂ NPs). Compared with the traditional calcium fluoride composite, it has better antibacterial activity, biocompatibility and fluorine release activity. In recent years, it has attracted much attention in the aspects of new oral antibacterial materials, caries prevention materials and tooth hard tissue remineralization materials. Meanwhile, calcium fluoride nanocomposites have been applied in oral tumor imaging, targeted chemoradiotherapy and other fields due to their fluorescence properties. Therefore, calcium fluoride nanocomposites have a certain research value and application prospect in the field of oral materials. In this paper, the properties and research progress of calcium fluoride nanocomposites in the field of stomatology are reviewed, in order to provide ideas for research on calcium fluoride nanocomposites in stomatology.

During the growth period, long-term upper airway obstruction will affect normal development of maxillofacial region, which has become a research hotspot in recent years. Mechanisms and manifestations of upper airway obstruction caused by different factors affecting maxillofacial development are diverse and complex. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the impact of various factors related to upper airway obstruction in the maxillofacial region is helpful for clinicians to early diagnose and intervene in the abnormal development of maxillofacial region. This article reviews research progress in five years from three main aspects, ① factors of single site upper airway stenosis affecting the maxillofacial region; ② factors of multiple site upper airway stenosis affecting the maxillofacial region; ③ other factors.