Objective To observe the activation of neurons in the whole brain caused by occlusal changes in mice, and compare it with that in restraint stress in order to explore the neural mechanism of anxiety induced by occlusal changes in mice. Methods Adult C57BL/6J male mice were randomly selected for the experiment. On the 7th and 8th days after occlusal elevation, behavior test were performed after the surgery by analyzing movement in the open field and elevated plusmaze. The expression of cfos protein in the whole brain was detected by immunofluorescence in 2 hours after the surgery and the acute restraint stimuli. Results It was found that anxiety-like behaviors in OVR group increased significantly a week after surgery (P＜0.05), and the number of cfos-positive neurons in claustrum, nucleus accumbens, lateral septal nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract increased significantly in both stimuli (P＜0.05). Conclusion There are differences in the activation of neurons in the whole brain of mice after occlusal change or restraint, but they are co-activated in the claustrum, nucleus accumbens, lateral septal nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract.

Objective To study the expression of Piezo1 on the tension side of periodontal tissues during orthodontic tooth movement in diabetic rats and explore its role in the remodeling of periodontal tissues. Method Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into the control group and the diabetic group. With bilateral incisors as anchors, 40 g stretching force was applied to move the left first molar forward. Rats were sacrificed at 0 day, the 7^th day, and the 14^th day, and the posterior part of the left maxillary was obtained. HE staining, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to examine histological changes and expression levels of Piezo1, Osterix and Runx2. Micro-CT was used to detect parameters related to bone tissues on the tension side. Results During orthodontic tooth movement, the expression of Piezo1 was upregulated by the orthodontic force in the control group on the tension side. The expression level of Piezo1, and osteogenic markers Osterix and Runx2 was significantly decreased in the diabetic group compared to the control group. Conclusion The expression of the Piezo1 and osteogenic activity on the tension side are significantly inhibited in the diabetic group during orthodontic movement. Diabetes could prohibit tissue remodeling on the tension side during orthodontic tooth movement.

Objective To investigate the effect of knocking down TULP3 on the biological behavior of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. Methods Differential expression analysis of TULP3 between HNSCC and pericarcinous tissues were conducted according to TCGA data. Human normal oral keratinocytes HOK and HNSCC cell lines HN4, HN6, CAL27, HSC3, SCC4 were cultured in vitro, and the protein levels of TULP3 were analyzed by Western Blot. Expression of TULP3 in HNSCC tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RNA interference was applied in constructed si-TULP3 and si-NC, and HN4 and HN6 were transfected. Effects of TUKP3 knockdown on proliferation, invasion and migration of HN4 and HN6 cells were investigated by CCK-8 assay, plate colony formation assay, scratch assay and Transwell invasion assay. Real-time qRT-PCR and Western Blot were used to detect the expression of cell cycle-related and EMT-related markers. HN6-shTULP3 and HN6-shNC were subcutaneously injected into nude mice to compare the volume of the xenografted tumor. Results TCGA data revealed that TULP3 expression was significantly higher in HNSCC tissues than pericarcinous tissues (P＜0.000 1). The expression of TULP3 protein in HN4, HN6, CAL27, HSC3 were significantly up-regulated compared with HOK. TULP3 was positively expressed in HNSCC tissues. Meanwhile, the proliferation, invasion and migration capacities of HN4 and HN6 cells were attenuated in HN4 and HN6 cells transfected with si-TULP3. The protein expressions of CDK4, Cyclin D1, Cyclin D3, N-cadherin, ZEB2, Slug were decreased after knockdown of TULP3 in HN4 and HN6 cells, as well as the mRNA expression of CDK4 and Slug (P＜0.001). Furthermore, the up-regulated expression of β-catenin protein was observed. The volume of xenograft tumor formed by HN6-shTULP3 was significantly lower than that in the control group (P＜0.01). Conclusion Knockdown of TULP3 can significantly inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration of head and neck squamous cells, which may be achieved by regulating cell cycle and suppressing EMT process.

Objective To explore the effect of transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) in different doses on the proliferation and osteogenic capability of osteoblasts and its mechanism. Methods Osteoblasts were isolated from the calvarium of neonatal New Zealand white rabbit, purified and identified and induced by different doses (0.1, 1, 10, 100 μg/L) of TGF-β3. Cell proliferation of each group was tested by CCK-8 assay and ALP activity was measured. The expression levels of COL-1A1, Runx-2 and OCN proteins were examined by immunohistochemical staining method. Relative expression of ALP, OPN, BSP, Osx and Smad4 genes were measures by qPCR. Western blotting method was used to test the expression of Smad2/3 protein. Results The osteoblasts were isolated and identified successfully. 10 μg/L and 100 μg/L TGF-β3 can improve the proliferation of osteoblasts. The ALP activity in 10 μg/L group was higher than the control group (P＜0.05). Immunohistochemical staining results showed the protein expression in 10 μg/L and 100 μg/L TGF-β3 group was stronger than the control group. The ALP, OPN, BSP, Osx and Smad4 gene expression in 10 μg/L and 100 μg/L TGF-β3 group was higher than the control group (P＜0.05). The Smad2/3 protein expression in 1-100 μg/L TGF-β3 group was higher than the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusion TGF-β3 10-100 μg/L can improve the proliferation and osteogenic ability of osteoblasts and this effect is more obvious when the dose is 10 μg/L. This effect is produced through activating Smad-dependent pathway.

Objective To analyze the differentially expressed circBIRC6 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) induced by conditioned medium of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell (hAMSC-CM) and its role in angiogenesis. Methods The expression of circBIRC6 in HUVEC was tested by qRT-PCR. Si-circBIRC6 and circBIRC6-overexpressed plasmid were made to construct cell models of knockdown and overexpressed circBIRC6 by transfection. The angiogenesis ability of HUVEC was detected by Transwell migration assay, tube formation assay and wound healing assay. Results hAMSC-CM induced the expression of circBIRC6 in HUVEC. qRT-PCR verified the reliability of HUVEC knockdown and overexpression cell model. In Transwell migration assay, tube formation assay and wound healing assay, the knockdown of circBIRC6 reduced cell mobility, total tube length and scratch mobility of HUVEC, while overexpression of circBIRC6 increased them. Conclusion This study elucidates the positive role of circBIRC6 in HUVEC angiogenesis and reveals that hAMSC-CM may promote HUVEC angiogenesis by up-regulating circBIRC6.

Objective To investigate the correlation between postmenopausal osteoporosis and the level of miRNA-143/145 derived from extracellular vesicles in saliva, and to explore the diagnostic value of miRNA-143/145 for estrogen deficient osteoporosis. Methods Bone parameters of cancellous bone in premenopausal and postmenopausal female patients undergoing dental implant surgery in our hospital were analyzed by CBCT, and BMD differences were measured. CBCT, serum and saliva samples were collected from premenopausal and postmenopausal women undergoing inpatient surgery in our hospital, and extracellular vesicles were extracted. The morphology of extracellular vesicles in serum and saliva were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The expression level of estrogen in serum was detected by ELISA. qRT-PCR was used to detect miRNA-143/145 levels in extracellular vesicles of serum and saliva. Results After analysis, it was found that the level of estrogen in postmenopausal women decreased significantly, accompanied by a significant decrease in bone mineral density. The extracellular vesicles in serum and saliva observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were cup-shaped bilayer membranous structure about 100 nm in diameter. Compared with premenopausal women, the expression of miRNA-143/145 in blood circulation of postmenopausal women was significantly increased. Further detection of miRNA-143/145 expression in saliva showed a similar trend. Conclusion Results of miRNA-143/145 in extracellular vesicles in saliva are in good agreement with results in serum, which suggests that saliva test, as a noninvasive method, is more convenient for clinicians to diagnose postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Objective To explore the prognostic factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients(OSCC) by analyzing the clinical data, so as to focus on the influence of smoking and drinking history on the prognosis of OSCC patients in different age groups. Methods The data of 215 patients who were diagnosed with OSCC and admitted into the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Xi′an Jiaotong University from June 2010 to June 2021 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Patients aged ≤45 years old were defined as the young group, and patients aged > 45 years old were defined as the middle-aged and elderly group. Meanwhile, patients were divided into two groups according to whether they had a history of smoking and drinking exposure.The prognosis was mainly evaluated by disease free surivival, distant metastasis-free survival rate and overall survival rate. Results Among all the cases included, the incidence of tongue and other locations malignant tumor in the young group was significantly higher than that in the middle-aged and elderly group (P<0.05). By analyzing prognostic indicators of all patients, it was found that the clinical stage and differentiation degree were significantly correlated with prognostic indicators(P<0.05); among the young patients, it was found that smoking and drinking and clinical stage were significantly correlated with prognosis(P<0.05). Univariate prognostic analysis showed that clinical stage was correlated with prognosis in middle-aged and elderly patients(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in multivariate analysis(P>0.05). Through survival rate analysis, it was found that smoking and drinking were the risk factors of poor prognosis in young patients, but there was no significant difference in middle-aged and elderly patients. Conclusion Smoking and drinking history has a great influence on prognosis in young patients. In clinical practice, attention should be paid to young patients with smoking and drinking history.

Objective To analyze the root resorption and possible related factors of adjacent incisors after orthodontic traction of maxillary impacted canines. Methods Forty three patients, with sixty impacted maxillary canines in total, aged from 10 to 23, were selected. Cone-beam CT was taken before and after orthodontic traction treatment of maxillary impacted canines. The degree of root resorption of impacted canines adjacent to incisors was analyzed, and possible related factors were explored. Results After orthodontic traction treatment of maxillary impacted canines, the incidence of mild, moderate and severe root resorption of maxillary central incisors was 71.7%, 15.0% and 13.3% respectively, and the incidence of maxillary lateral incisors was 48.3%, 36.7% and 15.0% respectively. The severity of root resorption was different between maxillary central incisors and lateral incisors (P＜0.05). After orthodontic traction treatment of impacted canines which were located on the palatal side and in the jaw, low and close to the midline of the face, the root resorption of lateral incisors was more severe (P＜0.05). After traction treatment of low impacted canines, the root resorption of central incisors was more severe (P＜0.05).The root resorption of central incisors was more severe when the traction time was longer (P＜0.05). For incisors with root resorption before treatment, the degree of root resorption after traction treatment of impacted canines was more severe (P＜0.05). Conclusion After orthodontic traction treatment of impacted canines, the root resorption of maxillary lateral incisors is more severe. After orthodontic traction treatment of maxillary impacted canines, the root resorption of adjacent incisors is related to the position of impacted canines, the duration of traction treatment and whether root resorption has occurred before treatment.

Objective To study the influence of different root canal sealers and scanning parameters on the diagnosis of vertical root fractures (VRF) by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods Forty permanent premolars were collected. Teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups according to root canal sealers (iRoot SP, AH Plus, Ag-Zn-MCSNs, and the blank control group). After root canal filling, the VRF model was prepared, and then roots were placed into the alveolar fossa of human maxillary premolars. CBCT was taken 4 times per tooth (FOV 12 cm×8 cm, voxel size 0.30 mm; FOV 12 cm×8 cm, voxel size 0.15 mm; FOV 8 cm×8 cm, voxel size 0.15 mm; FOV 8 cm×8 cm, voxel size 0.30 mm). Two observers evaluated CBCT images. Results There was no significant difference in accuracy among experimental groups (P>0.05). The correct diagnosis of VRF was 1/3 region of axial plane root. Conclusion Different root filling sealers and different scanning parameters have no obvious effect on the performance of CBCT in diagnosing VRF. Using CBCT to diagnose VRF, physicians need to select smaller field of view and larger voxel on the premise of meeting clinical requirements, so as to reduce unnecessary radiation dose in medical imaging examination.

Objective To study the clinical effects of pulpotomy in the treatment of teeth with severe wear in the middle-aged and elderly. Methods Fifty-six teeth of 28 patients over 40 years old with pulpitis caused by severe wear were collected. 2 teeth of the same patient were randomly divided into control group and experimental group respectively. The teeth in the control group were treated with root canal therapy, and the teeth in the experimental group were treated with pulpotomy using MTA as pulp capping material. The clinical effects of the two groups were compared after 6 months. Results A total of 4 teeth failed in the control group with a success rate of 85.2%, while in the experimental group, 3 teeth failed, with a total success rate of 88.9%. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Pulpotomy has a good short-term effect on teeth with severe wear in middle-aged and elderly patients, and there is no significant difference in the success rate between pulpotomy and root canal therapy. Strict control of indications is the key to successful treatment.

β-arrestin 2 belongs to the inhibitory protein family which plays a pivotal role in inflammatory diseases, and it involves in inflammatory diseases through the G protein-coupled receptor(GPCR) signal transduction pathway and its participation in various signaling pathways. In this paper we review the function of β-arrestin 2 and summarize the mechanism of β-arrestin 2 in inflammatory diseases.

Drug-induced gingival overgrowth(DIGO)is mainly caused by long-term use of phenytoin sodium, cyclosporine A, and nifedipine . It not only affects the cleanliness and aesthetics of dental surface and the normal physiological function of teeth, but may also cause psychological disorders in patients. However, the pathogenesis of DIGO is complex and remains unclear, making treatment more difficult. Many scholars have studied it from various aspects and put forward many ideas and hypotheses, including the mechanism of collagen production and degradation imbalance, inflammation and so on. This article summarizes research on the pathogenesis of DIGO in recent years from aspects of both molecular mechanism and specific mechanism of drugs, and discusses the future research direction of DIGO, hoping to help the prevention and clinical treatment of DIGO.

Bioactive glasses(BGs) are bioactive materials based on the SiO₂-Na₂O-CaO-P₂O₅ oxide system. They have good osteogenic activity, antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. BGs have significant antibacterial effects on common oral bacteria in clinic and will not lead to drug resistance. Thus, BGs have application prospects as oral bacteriostatic agents. However, there is no conclusive research on its antibacterial mechanism. This article reviews the antibacterial effects and mechanisms of BGs on common oral pathogens and summarizes its influencing factors.

Maxillary transverse deficiency is one of the common manifestations of malocclusion in clinical practice. Accurate judgment of maxillary transverse deficiency is an important prerequisite for orthodontic clinical diagnosis, making treatment plan and achieving the goal of treatment. Therefore, this article reviews the transverse development of maxilla and maxillary arch, the etiology and commonly used diagnostic methods of maxillary transverse deficiency, in order to provide effective reference for clinical orthodontics.

Early detection of dental caries can timely intervene the lesion, terminate or reverse the demineralization process and reduce treatment cost. However, clinical and radiographic examination methods often show low sensitivity in diagnosing caries. As a non-invasive, radiation-free, highly sensitive and specific detection method, optical coherence tomography has a good application prospect in the diagnosis of dental caries. This paper aims to review the principle of optical coherence tomography and its research progress in the diagnosis of smooth surface caries, fissure caries, proximal caries and secondary caries.

Nerve Injury is a common and multiple disease in clinical practice, and can be divided into peripheral nervous injury (PNI) and central nervous injury (CNI). At present, main treatment methods are autologous nerve transplantation, allogeneic nerve transplantation, cell promoting therapy and tissue engineering. Compared with the other three methods, the development of tissue engineering method will fundamentally solve problems of dysfunction or loss of treatment caused by tissue and organ defects to achieve perfect morphological repair. Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1), as a classical growth and differentiation factor, can inhibit cell senescence, promote cell proliferation and differentiation, and promote nerve repair after PNI and CNI through related signaling pathways when applied to tissue engineering. This review focuses on the structure and function of NRG-1 and its role and mechanism in PNI and CNI repair.

Dental pulp revascularization is one of the methods for treating young permanent teeth with pulpitis and periradicular lesions. The formation of mineralized tissue in the root canal after surgery helps thicken its wall, promote the closure of apical foramen and the normal development of the root. Recently, scholars have carried out a lot of research on the mineralized tissue in the root canal. This article summarizes both basic and clinical research on the formation of mineralized tissue in the root canal after dental pulp revascularization in recent years, and analyzes the component, formation mechanism and influencing factors of mineralized tissue in the process of dental pulp revascularization. A strategy that will promote the formation of mineralized tissue in the root canal after dental pulp revascularization was proposed as well.